Birth of the Dual monarchy
What was the October Diploma?
1860, issued by FJ, would give more autonomy to Hungary (like calling the diet together), but not the autonomy that they had during the April Laws
What was in Kossuth's Cassandra letter?
accepting the compromise was a mistake, it will make Hungary dependent on Austria forever, no negotiations with the nationalities etc.
What kind of social layer is the Hungarian gentry? What happens with them during the Dual monarchy?
•Members of the historical nobility
• The emancipation of serfs and passive resistance damaged their financial situation
• Emancipation + delayed compensation=financial instability
• The great majority did not have enough lands and capital to sustain their former status and lifestyle
• Some of them even gambled away their wealth
• Some lived in mansions in the countryside
• Educated → moved to a city and worked as officials
What supported the economical changes in Hungary?
state aids, new laws, foreign capital
What was the Metropolitan Board of Works?
•(Fővárosi Közmunkák Tanácsa) was established.
• This institution was responsible for developing the public spaces and infrastructure of Budapest.
What happened during the second representative parliament? (1861)
2 parties, rejecting the February Patent - Deák party (petition), Teleki party (declaration)
László Teleki commits suicide, Deák party wins
List the parties during the Dual monarchy!
Left-Center, Far-left, Deák party
Free Principles Party, Conservative party, Independence party
National Work party
+ Social Democrats, agrarian parties
What kind of social layer is the high bourgeoisie? What happens with them during the Dual monarchy?
Capitalist businessmen
Ø merchants or owners of banks and factories
Foreigners (German or Jewish)
ØManfréd Weiss, Ábrahám Ganz
Their political role did not match their economic importance
Influenced politics through their economic position
Ambitious to assimilate
Lived in large blocks of flats (6-7 rooms), often owned the house itself
How did the railway system develop?
ØSeveral railroad companies built the rail network → nationalisation
v Gábor Baross → founding MÁV (Hungarian Royal Railroads Company)
Ø The rail network covered the whole country by 1890.
Ø The rail network had a huge impact on industry and trade!
Mention some newspapers from the Dual monarchy!
Népszava, Nyugat, Irodalomtörténet, Századok, Pesti hírlap
Briefly explain what lead to the acceptance of the compromise on both sides!
Deák's Easter article, negotiations, the Diet called together by FJ, Battle of Königgratz
What happened during the Andrássy government?
1867-1873: Gyula Andrássy was PM of the 3rd responsible Hungarian gov.
Ø He became the Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary afterwards.
1868: Croatian-Hungarian Compromise
Ø Croatia got autonomy (own national assembly and administration)
Ø A separate minister was responsible for Croatian affairs in the Hungarian government
1868: law on nationalities
1868: law on education (J. Eötvös)
Ø compulsory education between 6-12
Several administrative and legal reforms (e.g. equality before law)
What do we mean by troubled or superimposed society?
feudal and bourgeoisie society exists at the same time, because of the changes of the industrial revolution enhanced the social transformation, BUT happens too rapidly (duality of society)
Explain the changes that happened in agriculture!
•Regulation of rivers and drainage of swamps → the rate of agricultural fields increased by 20%
• Technical crops → hop and sugar beet
• Viniculture was getting popular
• phylloxera
• The breeding of the Hungarian pied cow (tarkamarha) increased while the breeding of the Hungarian grey cow decreased
Mention some architecture pieces that were built during the Dual monarchy!
Parliament, Museum of Applied arts, Vigadó, Opera house, Keleti station, Nyugati station, Vígszinház etc.
Explain the system of the compromise!
Dual monarchy (two equal countries)
Ø 2 equal centres → Vienna and Pest
Ø 2 governments and legislatures
New name: Austro–Hungarian Monarchy
Common affairs → foreign policy, military affairs, and finance regarding these issues
Ø These affairs had their common ministries (1 of the 3 ministers was always Hungarian)
Delegations
Ø Each delegation had 60 members, they supervised the common ministers and determined the quota
What happened during István Tisza's government?
Problems of the Dual monarchy
1904 → The members of the opposition were tricked into accepting a new house-rule in the parliament.
The new rule would’ve banned their methods for obstruction
„the handkerchief vote” („zsebkendőszavazás”)
FJ postponed the sessions for 1 month
On the next parliamentary session, the members of the opposition damaged the furniture of the Lower House
FJ called for a new election
What is forced assimilation?
•Magyarisation or Hungarianisation
• Forcing people of other ethnic groups to adopt the Hungarian language and culture, and to develop a Hungarian identity
• Example: lex Apponyi (1907)
Food industry during the Dual monarchy - mention some companies and changes!
Milling industry
Ø Hungary provided more than one fifth of the world’s flour export
Ø Budapest became the second largest mill centrum in the world (1st → USA)
Meat industry: Ø Herz (Budapest) and Pick (Szeged) + canning industry
Alcohol industry: Dréher + Törley + Zwack
Mention some artists/painters from the Dual monarchy!
Benczúr Gyula, Csontváry, Szinnyei, Rippl Rónai, Feszty, Jászai Mari, Blaha Lujza, Liszt Ferenc, Bartók, Kodály
Explain the economic compromise!
It established a quota
Ø The quota fixed the proportion that each half of the monarchy had to pay to finance the common foreign policy and military affairs
Ø Hungary paid 30% while Austria paid 70% of the costs of foreign policy and the military.
A common currency was established (1867-1892 Austro-Hungarian Forint, 1892-1918 Austro-Hungarian Crown)
Common measure system
Free flow of labour force and capital within the monarchy
The Economic Compromise was planned to be renewed every ten years
What happened during Kálmán Tisza's government?
“grey general”
Legislation → bicameral Parliament
Ø reform of the Upper House → less members but they mostly supported the government
Mameluk-system (politicians in the governing party who have no autonomy)
Decreased the autonomy of the counties
Modern criminal code (Code Csemegi)
The wealthy citizens had more political privileges (50% of the city and county councils were filled with the biggest taxpayers without being elected)
What was the situations of the Jews during the Dual monarchy?
Some of them were wealthy capitalists while others came from great poverty (eg. Galicia)
1867: legal emancipation
1895: religious emancipation
Quick and successful (spontaneous!) assimilation
Mostly merchants and intellectuals
Appereance of antisemitism:
ØBlood libel of Tiszaeszlár (1882)
ØGyőző Istóczy → National Antisemitic Party (1883)
Antisemitism was based on religion and not race
Mention some factories, innovations that can be connected to the machine/electrical/armaments industry!
shipyard of Óbuda, Ganz factory, A place for innovation (Mechwart, Déri, Bláthy, Zipernowsky), Street-lighting, Street cars, Electric locomotive (Kálmán Kandó)
•The factory of Manfréd Weiss
• Initially, it was a cannery in Csepel
• They also produced cartridges and weapons from 1896
What do you know about the Millenium celebration?
1896, conquest of the Carpathian basin, the nationalities are dissatisfied and the movements start again
FJ opens, exhibition in the City park (városliget), 6 months, everything Hungarian (past-present-future)