S/S and Risk Factors
The most common symptom seen in pulmonary embolism
What is dyspnea?
An overload in this chamber of the heart will lead to increased JVP
What is the right ventricle?
This is a cross-linked fibrin degradation product that can be used to help rule in or out thrombotic episodes
What is D-dimer?
Rivaroxaban and apixiban are examples of this type of anticoagulant therapy?
What is oral factor Xa inhibitors?
This is a potential complication of the administration of heparin when attempting to treat a DVT and/or PE
What is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia?
These are three common signs of a DVT
What is leg swelling, warmth, and erythema?
This theory or model proposes that venous thromboembolism occurs as a result of 3 things: alterations in blood flow (I.e. stasis), vascular endothelial injury, and alterations in the constituents of the blood (I.e. hypercoaguable state)
What is Virchow’s Triad?
This is a clinical pretest probability scoring system that categorizes patients as low probability, moderate probabity, and high probability of having a DVT.
What is the Wells Score?
This is the generally preferred vasopressor to treat hemodynamically unstable PE patients when adequate perfusion is not restored with IVF
What is norepinephrine?
This is the vein that the great saphenous vein drains into
What is the femoral vein?
These are 5 risk factors for DVT.
What is malignancy, immobilization, hospitalization, surgery/trauma, obesity, previous VTE, oral contraceptive use, pregnancy, stroke, age > 65, heart failure, IBD, and May-Thurner Syndrome?
This complication can occur when the body tries to compensate for arterial hypoxemia by increasing ventilation
What is hypocapnia?
This is a shallow, hump-shaped opacity in the periphery of the lung, with its base against the pleural surface and hump towards the hilum that can aid in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism
What is Hampton’s Hump?
These are absolute contraindications for empiric anticoagulant therapy
What is recent surgery, hemorrhagic stroke, and active bleeding?
An example of this type of DVT is if the thrombus is present within the peroneal vein
What is an isolated distal DVT?
These are 5 common symptoms of pulmonary embolism
What is dyspnea at rest or with exertion, pleuritic or dull chest pain, cough, orthopnea, calf or thigh pain, wheezing, and hemoptysis?
These are the most important cause of thrombosis in young women
What is oral contraceptives?
This type of ultrasound may be the preferred method of detecting DVTs because it is technically easier to perform with less operator-dependent interpretation, detects thrombi in veins more likely to embolize, and the veins it evaluates are relatively more compressible
What is proximal compression ultrasound?
This is a contraindication for intravenous fluid therapy in patients who are hemodynamically unstable with a pulmonary embolism
What is right ventricular dysfunction?
The superficial vein that arises on the lateral side of the foot from the union of the dorsal vein of the little toe with the dorsal venous arch empties into this vein
What is the popliteal vein?
These are 5 common presenting signs on examination of a patient with a pulmonary embolism
What is tachypnea, calf or thigh swelling/erythema, tachycardia, rales, decreased breath sounds, JVD, and fever?
These are the two most frequent causes of inherited (primary) hypercoagulable state
What is Factor V Leiden mutation and prothrombin gene mutation?
This alternative to ventilation/perfusion scanning is the first line imaging study for the evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolism
What is CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)?
This is the generally accepted minimal amount of time a patient presenting with their first DVT should be on anticoagulant therapy
What is 3 months?
This is the estimated mortality rate of patients with untreated pulmonary embolism
What is 30%?