Basics
What is dyslipidemia?
Abnormal levels of lipids in the blood, including high cholesterol and/or triglycerides.
What enzyme do statins inhibit to reduce cholesterol synthesis?
HMG-CoA reductase.
What is the mechanism of action of ezetimibe?
Inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption.
What is the 10-year ASCVD risk threshold for considering statin therapy?
≥ 7.5%.
what diet is recommended for managing dyslipidemia?
DASH or Mediterranean diet
What are the two main goals of dyslipidemia therapy?
Reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and achieve LDL-C goals.
What is the main adverse effect of statins that requires monitoring of creatine kinase (CK)?
Myopathy.
What class of drugs includes alirocumab and evolocumab?
PCSK9 inhibitors.
What is the Pooled Cohort Equation (PCE) used for?
Estimating 10-year ASCVD risk.
How often should patients engage in moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity for dyslipidemia management?
3-4 times per week for 40 minutes per session.
What is the optimal LDL-C level for someone with coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Less than 70 mg/dL.
What is the recommended dose of atorvastatin for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
20 mg/day.
What is the primary indication for fibrates?
Severe hypertriglyceridemia.
What are two conditions that increase LDL-C levels?
Nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, obesity, or pregnancy.
What is the recommended HDL-C level for optimal control in women?
≥ 60 mg/dL.
What are the three main types of lipids measured in a fasting lipid profile?
Total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides.
What is the LDL-C reduction percentage for high-intensity statins?
≥ 50%.
What is the mechanism of action of bile acid sequestrants?
Bind bile acids, promoting hepatic cholesterol conversion to bile acids.
What is considered a "very high" triglyceride level?
≥ 500 mg/dL.
What lifestyle change is strongly encouraged for all patients with dyslipidemia?
Smoking cessation.
What is the primary cause of primary (familial) hyperlipidemia?
Gene mutations leading to increased production or reduced clearance of lipids.
What is a common drug interaction with statins that increases the risk of myopathy?
Fibrates or niacin.
What is the LDL-C reduction percentage for PCSK9 inhibitors when added to statin therapy?
45%–68%.
What are two risk enhancers for ASCVD?
Family history of premature ASCVD, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, or inflammatory diseases.
What is the primary goal of non-pharmacologic measures in dyslipidemia management?
Reduce cardiovascular risk through lifestyle modifications.