Sweet Dreams
This is the A1c range that defines prediabetes
5.7–6.4%
This eating pattern emphasizes vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and lean proteins and can be adapted for patients with diabetes
Mediterranean-style eating pattern
These two classes of drugs have similar mechanisms of action and should not be used in combination with each other
DDP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1
Name a screening test that can be done in clinic for diabetic complications
foot exam, MACR, ophthalmology referral, eye photo, FIB-4
This common GI side effect is frequently seen when starting a GLP-1 receptor agonist.
Nausea; affects up to 44% of patients
The fasting plasma glucose level that is diagnostic of diabetes
>126mg/dl
ADA recommends the following as the most effective method for preventing diabetes
The combination of weight loss and exercise
This first-line diabetes medication decreases hepatic glucose production and is generally weight neutral, but its most common adverse effects are gastrointestinal
Metformin
Earliest marker of diabetic nephropathy
Greater than 30mg of albumin excretion in the urine
A patient with type 2 diabetes has a strong preference for avoiding injections but wants a GLP-1 receptor agonist. This medication provides an oral option.
oral semaglutide
At what age do both the ADA and USPTF recommend starting screening for T2DM
Both the ADA and the USPSTF recommend that screening for T2DM begin at age 35, and be repeated every 3 years.
This diet should be avoided in patients on SGLT2-inhibitors
ketogenic diet
These inexpensive insulin secretagogues can cause both weight gain and hypoglycemia, particularly in older adults and patients with kidney dysfunction.
Sulfonylureas
(glipizide,glyburide)
Individuals with type 2 DM should be referred to ophthalmology at the following time when diagnosis is made
These two brand names contain the same active ingredient, tirzepatide, but have different FDA-approved indications.
Mounjaro (glycemic control) and Zepbound (obesity)
The most important risk factor associated with the development of diabetes
Obesity
Lifestyle intervention was nearly twice as effective as taking metformin, reducing the incidence of diabetes by 58%.
This is the target range pre-prandial (i.e., fasting) glucose
80-130mg/d
A patient taking metformin, glipizide, basal insulin, and a GLP-1 receptor agonist has an A1c of 6.0% and recurrent hypoglycemia. This medication would be a reasonable candidate for discontinuation because of its hypoglycemia risk.
Glipizide
This is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many patients with type 2 diabetes
cardiovascular disease
A patient with T2DM has obesity and wants the greatest possible weight reduction from an incretin-based therapy. Between dulaglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide, this medication generally produces the greatest weight loss.
tirzepatide (Mounjaro)
A patient has polyuria, polydipsia, and a random glucose of 280 mg/dL. Do you need a second test to diagnose diabetes?
No. Classic symptoms plus a random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL establishes the diagnosis.
This percentage of body-weight loss is a common initial goal for people with overweight or obesity and prediabetes to reduce their risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
5–7%
These inexpensive insulin secretagogues can cause both weight gain and hypoglycemia, particularly in older adults and patients with kidney dysfunction.
Sulfonylureas
(glipizide,glyburide)
A patient with longstanding diabetes develops nausea, vomiting, early satiety, and erratic postprandial glucose levels without mechanical obstruction. This is the likely diagnosis
diabetic gastroparesis
This dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist became the first FDA-approved medication specifically for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity.
Tirzepatide (Zepbound)