Exchange
What is the term for the exchange of goods, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World during the early modern period?
The Columbian Exchange
A crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.
Cash Crop
What term describes the highest social class in European colonial societies?
Nobility
Which European countries were the first to establish colonies in the Americas?
Portugal and Spain
What was the primary commodity traded in the Indian Ocean trade network?
Spices.
What were the main continents involved in the Columbian Exchange?
Europe and the Americas
What role did agriculture play in the economies of European colonies in the Americas?
Major, often primary, source of wealth.
Describe the devshirme system used in the Ottoman Empire.
Devshirme was a system where Christian boys were taken from their families, converted to Islam, and trained for government or military service.
How did France and England challenge Spain's control of the Americas?
Piracy and colonies of their own
Which empire's control of a major portion of the Silk Road caused various European countries to seek out alternative routes to Asia?
The Ottomans.
Name two impacts of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas.
introduction of new crops, diseases, animals, etc.
Which European country controlled colonies in Brazil, and what was the main economic activity there?
Portugal, Sugar production
Give two examples of multiethnic empires during the early modern period.
Mughals, Ottomans, or Omani
What was the name of the treaty that divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal?
The Treaty of Tordesillas.
What religion did most people follow in the Mughal empire?
Hinduism.
Which disease, brought by Europeans, had a devastating impact on Indigenous populations in the Americas?
Smallpox
Describe one economic characteristic of Spanish colonies in the Americas.
Heavy reliance on silver mining and exploitation of indigenous labor.
What was the Spanish Casta system, and how did it structure society in the Spanish colonies?
The Casta system was a social classification system based on racial ancestry, which determined social status and privileges.
What were the primary goals of Spanish colonization in the Americas?
To extract wealth (especially precious metals), spread Christianity, and establish control.
Which empire controlled much of the Indian Ocean trade routes, including parts of East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian subcontinent?
The Omani Empire
How did the introduction of new crops from the Americas impact Europe?
It led to increased agricultural productivity and population growth.
How did the Dutch East India Company govern the territories it controlled in Asia?
The company established new governments that it controlled and imposed its own laws and regulations on the territories.
Explain the role of mansabdars in the Mughal Empire.
Mansabdars were military commanders or governors who were granted land in exchange for military service.
Describe one long-term economic impact of colonialism on colonized regions.
Economic dependence or resource exploitation
Which Chinese dynasty ruled during the early modern period and was known for its maritime expeditions led by Zheng He?
The Ming Dynasty