VOCAB
using context clues, logic and established laws and principles to determine the age of a layer of rock in relation to the other layers of rock surrounding it, only gives a ballpark for the age of the layer
Relative Age Dating
when the atomic nuclei of an unstable substance spontaneously decomposes and emits energy
Radioactive Decay
Harness energy from the wind using turbines. Turbines are turned by the wind and the rotational mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy
Wind Energy
Hot water from hot springs is used directly for heating and to turn turbines. Harnessed from steam (turns turbines to create electricity) and hot water (piped into buildings to heat via radiation)
Geothermal Energy
Sodium-24 has a half-life of 15 hours. How much sodium-24 will remain in an 18.0 g sample after 60 hours?
1.125 g
rock layers tend to be deposited horizontally, if a rock layer is not horizontal it is safe to assume it has been disturbed.
Law of Original Horizontality
how long it takes for half of the atomic nuclei in a substance (parent material) to decay into new, stable material (daughter material)
Half life
Water flow drives turbines. Water held in an artificial reservoir behind a dam and released through slits containing turbines, energy from naturally falling water can be harnessed
Hydroelectric Power
hydrocarbons used for fuel through burning
fossil fuels
After 42 days a 2.0 g sample of phosphorus-32 contains only 0.25 g of the isotope. What is the half-life of phosphorus-32?
14 days
if a layer of rock cuts through another layer the layer that is being cut through must be older and the layer doing the cutting must be younger.
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
Atomic nuclei in a substance
Parent Material
chemical reactions in which a fuel source reacts with oxygen gas to produce light and heat (often in the form of fire), a catalyst is sometimes needed to begin a combustion reaction
Combustions
energy released when bonds in an atom’s nucleus are forcefully broken (fission)
Nuclear Energy
Polonium-214 has a relatively short half-life of 164 seconds. How many seconds would it take for 8.0 g of this isotope to decay to 0.25 g?
820 seconds
chunks of previously existing rock that have been caught up in the formation of a new rock layer, must be older than the layer in which they are encased.
inclusions
The new material made after radioactive decay
daughter material
energy emitted from a substance that travels in rays/waves through space
Radiation
Harnessed from tides (rising and lowering of water moving through turbines)
Tidal Energy
How many days does it take for 16 g of palladium-103 to decay to 1.0 g? The half-life of palladium-103 is 17 days.
68 days
measuring the amount of radioactive decay a substance has undergone to determine when the decay began and get a relatively accurate age for the substance
Radiometric Dating
These are generally less readily available and can only produce energy while in certain circumstances, energy cannot be stored efficiently and must be used when it generated
renewable resources
These are generally readily available and can be stored for future use
non-renewable resources
Harness energy directly from the Sun using solar panels
Solar Energy
In 5.49 seconds, 1.20 g of argon-35 decay to leave only 0.15 g. What is the half-life of argon-35?
1.83 seconds