rock types
Liquid rock found inside the earth is called what?
magma
a naturally occurring, extrusive igneous rock formed as a volcanic glass
obsidian
a violent, often catastrophic eruption where trapped gases, thick magma, and fragmented rock are forced out of a volcano
Volcanic eruptions
the top layer of soil.
topsoil
the physical process where a liquid turns into a gas (vapor) below its boiling point, typically occurring at the surface
Evaporation
a very light and porous volcanic rock formed when a gas-rich froth of glassy lava solidifies rapidly.
Pumice
sedimentary rock consisting of sand or quartz grains cemented together, typically red, yellow, or brown in color.
sandstone
rapid shaking of the Earth's surface caused by the release of energy in the lithosphere, usually when tectonic plates slip past one another along faults
Earthquakes
subsoil
the physical process where water vapor (a gas) cools and changes into liquid water
Condensation
a fine-grained, fissile (splits into thin layers) sedimentary rock formed by the compaction of mud, clay, and silt
Shale
a dark, dense, fine-grained igneous (volcanic) rock formed from the rapid cooling of magnesium- and iron-rich lava
basalt
the downslope movement of rock, debris, or soil under the direct influence of gravity
landslide
dark, organic, partially decomposed plant and animal matter that forms the fertile, spongy, top layer of soil
humus
permeation of a liquid into something by filtration.
Infiltration
a hard, non-foliated metamorphic rock created when high heat and pressure, typically from tectonic compression
Quartzite
a common sedimentary rock primarily composed of calcium carbonate usually in the form of calcite or aragonite, formed from accumulated marine organism remains like shells and coral.
limestone
Through compression, faulting, and folding, the Earth's crust is deformed and uplifted over millions of years. These processes, which include continental collisions and subduction, create massive, uplifted landforms.
mountain building
a fine-grained, typically yellowish-brown, wind-deposited (aeolian) silt containing clay and sand, forming fertile, porous soil often found in thick deposits across China, North America, and Europe
loess
a physical process where matter transitions between solid, liquid, or gas states due to changes in energy (heat) or pressure
Phase changes
a high-grade foliated metamorphic rock formed under intense heat and pressure, characterized by distinct alternating light and dark mineral bands
Gneiss
a fine-grained gray, green, or bluish metamorphic rock easily split into smooth, flat pieces.
slate
the geological processes where new solid surface material is created, primarily through volcanic activity, tectonic plate movement, or the accumulation of sediment
New land being formed
a highly fertile, ideal gardening soil composed of a balanced mixture of sand, silt, and a smaller amount of clay, usually with added organic matter
Loam
the total amount of energy—including electricity, fuels, labor, and materials—supplied to a system or process to initiate, operate, or maintain its function
Energy inputs