Rocks and Minerals
What are the three types of rocks?
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
Name all three basic layers of Earth.
Core, Mantle, and Crust
What are the two types of crust?
Oceanic and Continental
When pressure increases within an object, does it become less or more dense?
More dense
In an earthquake, this point is directly below the epicenter.
What is the focus?
This stage in the rock cycle breaks down and transports rocks.
What is weathering and erosion?
Convection in this layer causes the lithosphere to move.
What is the asthenosphere (or upper mantle)?
The boundary where two plates diverge from each other.
What is a divergent boundary?
This form of heat transfer that involves energy waves and no direct contact or movement by atoms.
What is radiation?
A region of Earth's surface that is split into two pieces.
What is a fault?
A series of stacked-up layers of sedimentary rocks.
What is strata?
Name the mechanical layers of the Earth.
What is the lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, and inner core?
These formations are formed at a convergent boundary between two plates. (List all!)
Mountains and Volcanoes (on land), Trenches (in ocean)
This form of heat transfer moves energy by directly touching.
What is conduction?
Pangea is what is now known as a supercontinent that formed millions of years ago which now split a part into our modern-day continents (through continental drift).
These characteristics can be sometimes be found in igneous rocks. (At least 1)
What are shiny/glass-like or have air pockets?
In what directions do P - waves and S - waves move in?
P - waves: Foward and Backward motion
S - waves: Side to Side motion
The spot where magma is driven up from the asthenosphere and new seafloor/oceanic crust is created.
What is an oceanic ridge?
What is Relative Dating and give an example of relative dating.
Relative Dating: Putting events into what happened first to what happened last (chronological order).
Examples: 1. Snow falling, shoe print, and tire tracks 2. Layer A (oldest), Layer B ("middle"), Layer C (Top) Example 2. uses a sedimentary rock Strata Layers to describe the example.
What is Subduction and when does it occur?
Subduction is when a denser oceanic plate sinks or goes underneath a less dense continental plate into the Asthenosphere. It occurs when a convergent boundary between an oceanic and continental plate happens. The oceanic plate goes underneath the continental plate which causes mountains and volcanoes due to the scraping and pressure creating residue that forms the mountains and volcanoes.
Give a detailed explanation of how the Rock Cycle occurs.
What is when magma comes out of a volcano turning it into lava, this creates extrusive igneous rocks. Over time, the extrusive igneous rocks go through weathering and erosion, eventually making their way towards the ocean that turn into sediments. Over millions of years, the sediments go through sedimentation, compaction, strata, and lastly cementation turning into sedimentary rocks. As many millions of years pass, the sedimentary rocks go through heat and pressure where they now form metamorphic rocks. Sometimes, the metamorphic rocks form too close to magma and become magma themselves and after that, the magma could become extrusive igneous rocks or intrusive igneous rocks which are formed below Earth's crust. Then the cycle repeats over again creating the Rock Cycle!
These seismic waves cannot travel through the outer core, which led scientists to believe the outer core was liquid.
What are S-waves?
What are Volcanoes are formed through a convergent boundary. The denser oceanic plate will subduct beneath continental plate going into the asthenosphere. When the oceanic plate subducts, it pushes magma from the asthenosphere to the lithosphere above causing magma to spew out of the volcano making it erupt.
This idea stated that vertical layers used to be horizontal, but were rotated over time.
What is original horizontality?
What is a seismograph and in what order do the seismic waves show in (first to last)?
Order: P - waves first, S - waves second, Surface waves last.