Sedimentary Rock
Describe the process of lithification.
Sediment is dried of liquid, put under pressure and rounded edges together, then cementation.
What is the most common material (element) in the minerals of the continental crust?
Oxygen.
Describe the Collision Model.
The theory of the earth impacted by a mars-like body, during which all but the dense core was ejected. The silicate material formed the moon.
What's the difference between lava and magma.
Lava is on the exterior of volcanoes, magma is underground. Magma and lava can become each other.
What are porphyroblasts?
Large crystals formed in metamorphic rock as solids, without melting.
Explain the difference between immature and mature rocks. Use every characteristic of the two including size, sort, roundness, distance from source, and quartz content.
Immature = Close to source, large, angular, poorly sorted, low quartz content.
Mature = Far from source, small, round, well-sorted, high quartz content.
List 3 different diagnostic traits of minerals.
Hardness, streak, lustre, breakage (cleavage/fracture), colour, density.
List the eons of the geologic time scale in order of ascending age (Youngest-oldest)
Phanerozoic, Proterozoic, Archean, Hadean.
Intrusive (formed underground, cools slowly, large size)
Extrusive (formed at surface, cools quickly, small size)
Explain the difference between low, medium and high grade metamorphic rock.
Lower grade means shallower depth and lower melting temperature.
Higher grade means deeper with higher melting temperature.
(Medium is between)
Describe the difference between organic and inorganic sedimentary rock.
ALSO what does it mean if a rock fizzes under acid?
(1/2) Inorganic = formed from/in supersaturated water
Organic = formed from shells of living creatures
(1/2) Rocks formed of calcite fizz under acid (Limestone).
Define a mineral.
Describe the types of crust on the earth.
Oceanic Crust = Older and widespread, formed from the melting of the mantle. Dense basalt material.
Continental Crust = Less dense material like feldspar and granite, which floated to the surface during Accretion.
List the different types of pyroclastic material in order of ascending size. (Material ejected from a volcano)
Pumice/Scoria, Ash, Bombs, Blocks, Flow, Gas (Gas & Flow interchangeable)
Explain the process of metasomatism.
Describe the process of a rock turning into a sedimentary rock.
x -> Sedimentary = Weathering, Erosion, Transportation, Deposition, Lithification.
What is the fundamental building block of all minerals?
The silicate tetrahedron (SiO4)
List and describe the three types of tectonic plate interactions.
Convergent = Two plates sliding together, the denser sinking down into the mantle
Divergent = Two plates sliding apart, leaving a gap to be filled by light silicate material (Oceanic crust)
Transform = Two plates slide apart parallel to each other, generating earthquakes.
Glassy (no visible crystals), Aphanitic (small crystals), Phaneritic (large crystals), Porphyritic (small & large crystals), Vesicular (gas bubbles form holes)
What is an index mineral?
A mineral that can only be formed under precise pressure and temperature conditions. The presence of it reveals these traits about a rock's formation.
List and briefly describe 4 of the sedimentary structure types.
Ripples = Asymmetrical/Symmetrical, indicate flow direction
Cross Bedding = Records alternating current direction
Mud Cracks = Cracks formed from dried sediment that then gets filled.
Fossils = it has fossils
Bedding = Layers of different material pressured into thick beds
Name three mineral-like things that are NOT minerals
Bone, Tree resin, Opal, Volcanic Glass, Shells
Describe the process of Accretion and Differentiation.
Denser material moving to the center while less dense material form an exterior crust, this happens due to gravity.
List and describe the types of volcanoes, including the igneous materials they are made from.
Shield: Basaltic (Fast)
Dome: Rhyolitic/Andesite (Viscous)
Cinder Cone: Scoria/Pyroclastic debris
Composite: Andesite lava (Viscous)
Caldera: Any
Describe the process of rocks turning into metamorphic rocks.
ALSO describe the process of rocks turning into igneous rocks cause i ran out of space there.
(1/2) x -> Metamorphic = Burial deep for intense pressure and temperature
(1/2) x -> Igneous = Melting into magma, cooling extrusive/intrusively