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Most earthquakes are the result of ________ of Earth's crust produced by plate tectonics.
What is Movement?
This is caused when a material is compressed, bent, or stretched.
What is Elastic Deformation?
___________ and ________ also influence deformation. As pressure increases, rocks require greater stress to reach the elastic limit.
What are Temperature and Pressure?
_______ ______ form as a result of horizontal and vertical compression that squeezes rock and creates a horizontal shortening of the crust.
What are Reverse Faults?
Vibrations of the ground produced during an earthquake are called _______ _____?
What are Seismic Waves?
When stress overcomes the strength of the rocks involved, movement occurs along _________ in the rocks, which are felt as an earthquake.
What are Fractures?
Elastic deformation occurs as a result of low stress. When the stress is removed, material returns to its ________ _____.
What is Original Shape?
At high enough temperatures, solid rock can also deform, causing it to flow in a _____-____ manner. This flow reduces stress.
What is Fluid-Like?
On ______ ______, movement is partly horizontal and partly vertical.
What are Normal Faults?
Primary waves squeeze and push rocks in the direction along which the waves are travelling. They work in a ____-____ direction.
What is Push-Pull?
There are three kinds of stress that act on Earth's rocks:
What is Compression, Tension, and Shear?
When stress builds up past a certain point, called the elastic limit, rocks undergo _______ ___________.
What is Plastic Deformation?
These type of rocks fail when stresses exceed the strength of the rocks.
What are Crustal Rocks?
What are Strike-Slip Faults?
Secondary waves move at _____ ______ in relation to the direction of the wave.
What are Right Angles?
Over time, ______ builds up. It is the total force acting on crustal rocks per unit of area.
What is Stress?
When a material stays reformed even when the stress is reduced to zero, it is called this.
What is Permanent Deformation?
A _____ is any fracture or system of fractures along which Earth moves?
What is a Fault?
These move in horizontal and opposite directions.
What are Plates?
The slowest type of waves are _______ waves, most damage comes from these waves.
What are Surface Waves?
The characteristics of earthquakes are determined by the ___________ and _________ of stress applied to rocks, which are felt as an earthquake.
What are Orientation and Magnitude?
True or False: (Most materials exhibit both elastic and plastic behavior, although to different degrees)
What is True?
The surface along which the movement takes place is called the _____ _____.
What is the Fault Plane?
Many places with frequent ___________ are found along strike-slip faults.
What are Earthquakes?
Surface waves cause the ground to move ________ and up and down like ocean waves.
What is Sideways?