Random early content
5 steps in EBP in order
ask, acquire, appraise, apply, and assess
two or more independent groups (treatments), one independent variable, one or more dependent variables, random assignment, also known as a parallel groups study, and the scientific standard for investigation cause and effect relationships.
pretest-posttest control group design
an abstract variable that is not observable and is defined by the measurement used to assess it. it is also considered a latent trait because it reflects a property within a person and is not externally observable. examples are intelligence, health, pain, mobility, and depression
construct
there are two main types of statistical analysis for quantitative data:
descriptive statistics and inferential statistics
there is no ____ or _____ in an observational study
and, or, and not are what
Boolean operators
internal validity is strong in this
posttest-only control group design
this level of measurement deals with numbers that have equal intervals, but no true zero like calendar years or temperature
checks frequency distribution and checks cumulative percent
Coin rotation test (CRT)
Longitudinal studies have two types of studies which are?
Prospective study- looking forward in time
Retrospective study-looking backward
levels of evidence in order from highest quality to lowest quality
meta-analysis, systematic reviews, RCT's, cohort studies, case control studies, case series/case reports, and animal studies/lab studies
in this factorial design of a 3 x 3, how many IV's and levels are there
2 IV's each with 3 levels.
regarding concepts of reliability, there are two basic types of measurement error that must be distinguished:
- systematic error-predictable, occurring in a consistent overestimate or underestimate of a measure.
- random error - have no systematic bias and can occur in any direction or amount.
3 M's of Central Tendency
1. mean aka "average"
2. median: middle score
3. mode: the score that occurs most frequently in a distribution
misclassification of exposure, attrition and bias, and outcome may not occur in sufficient numbers are all challenges for what type of study
Cohort studies
hand-picked subjects on basis of certain criteria. not based on convenience sampling alone
nonprobability sampling --> purposive sampling
also called within-subjects design, subjects used as their own control
one-way repeated measures design
sources of measurement error
the measuring instrument itself, the person/rater doing the measurement, and variability of the characteristic being measured.
a measure of the spread of scores within a distribution, and expressed in different ways
Variability
Correlation does not imply what?
Causation
a type of validity that deals with things like:
- does measure truly represent variable?
- measuring of variables: are they established and labeled correctly?
construct validity
multiple measures of the DV are taken, all subjects receive the same treatment, no comparison group which limits internal and external validity, and IV is time
Repeated measures design (also time series designs)
the amount of change in a variable that must be achieved beyond the minimal error in a measurement
Minimal Detectable Change (MDC)
2 part question: comparing two means (of data samples) is? and comparing more than two means is?
t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA)
this is a parametric test that is appropriate to use when:
- x and y continuous variables
- sample statistic: r statistic
- population parameter, p (rho)
- clinical vs. statistical significance
pearson product moment correlation