APA style
How should authors' names be listed in a reference with two authors?
Use "Author 1 & Author 2" format.
What is the first step of evidence-based practice?
Ask a focused clinical question.
What are the three core questions clinicians ask during critical appraisal?
Are the design and results valid? What are the results? Are the results relevant?
What are the three measures of central tendency?
Mean, median, and mode.
What is the "gold standard" design for intervention-based studies?
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT).
What type of capitalization is used in APA article titles?
Sentence case (only the first word, proper nouns, and the first word after a colon are capitalized).
What acronym is commonly used to format a clinical question?
PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome).
What is internal validity?
The extent to which a study's methods and results are accurate and free from bias.
What does a 95% confidence interval indicate?
If the study were repeated 100 times, the true value would fall within the interval 95 times.
How does a cohort study differ from a case-control study?
Cohort studies follow participants forward in time, while case-control studies look backward.
What is the spacing and indentation rule for APA reference lists?
Double-spaced with a hanging indent.
What is the goal of Step 3: "Critically appraise the evidence"?
To assess the validity, reliability, and applicability of the evidence.
What does external validity focus on?
What is the primary use of non-parametric statistics?
For data that do not meet normality assumptions or are ordinal/nominal.
What is the key feature of a systematic review?
What is italicized in an APA citation for a book?
The title of the book.
Which step involves merging evidence with clinical expertise and patient preferences?
Step 4: Integrate the research evidence with information about the patient and clinical expertise.
What is the relationship between p-value and alpha level in hypothesis testing?
If p-value < alpha, reject the null hypothesis; otherwise, fail to reject it.
Name one key difference between parametric and non-parametric tests.
Parametric tests assume normal distribution; non-parametric tests do not.
Define the difference between efficacy and effectiveness.
Efficacy is tested in ideal settings; effectiveness is tested in real-world settings.
How are references ordered in an APA reference list?
Alphabetically by the first author's last name.
What is the purpose of Step 5 in the EBP process?
Reflect on the process to improve future practice.
What type of bias arises from study participant selection?
Selection bias.
What does a high positive likelihood ratio (LR+) indicate?
The test is much more likely to identify those with the condition compared to those without it.
What does a forest plot summarize in a meta-analysis?
The pooled results of studies, showing individual study outcomes and confidence intervals.