Surfaces of the Heart
The tip of the heart, locating at the lower portion of the heart?
What is the Apex?
The innermost layer, lines the heart's inner chambers
What is the Endocardium?
The two upper chambers
The Atria (Left and Right)
what are two terms that describe the cardiac cycle and their functions?
Systole: chamber contraction, and blood ejection
Diastole: chamber relaxation, and blood filling
Whats the difference between Myocardial Ischemia, Myocardial Injury, and Myocardial Infarction
Ischemia: Imbalance of oxygenated blood demand and supply
Injury: Injured cells can die unless blood flow continues
Infarction: Complete cell death, a heart muscle dies.
Makes up the left Atrium, a little bit of the right atrium, facing both superior and inferior venae cavae?
What is Posterior/Base?
The middle layer, thick and muscular, responsible for pumping action
What is Myocardium?
The two lower chambers
The Ventricles (Left and Right)
Describe Atrial Systole and Diastole
Atrial Systole: Blood pumping into the ventricle, "Atrial Kick"
Atrial Diastole: Blood from vene cava enters right atria (in right ventricle thru tricuspid valve), blood from pulmonary veins enters left atria (in left ventricle thru mitral valve)
Describe Sympathetic Stimulation and its neurotransmitters
Fight or Flight
Primary neurotransmitters: norepinephrine, epinephrine
The right ventricle lies directly behind the sternum. Facing the sternum and costal cartilages?
The layer that splits into two: Parietal and Visceral
What is Pericardium?
What does AV stand for and what are the names of the AV Valves and their functions?
What are Atrioventricular Valves, Tricuspid and Mitral (bicuspid) valves, opens up by pressure pushing blood into ventricles
Describe Ventricular Systole and Diastole
Ventricular Systole: Blood is pushed out toward the body or the pulmonic (lung) circulation
Ventricular Diastole: Ventricles begin to fill with blood
Describe Parasympathetic Stimulation and its nuerotransmitters
Rest and Digest
Primary neurotransmitter = acetylcholine
These surfaces faces both of the lungs.
Left lateral surface and right lateral surface
The external layer of the heart, also called the visceral layer of the serous Pericardium
What does SL stand for and what are the names of the SL Valves and their functions?
What are Semilunar Valves, Pulmonic and Aortic valves, prevents backflow of the blood into the ventricles during diastole
Describe Blood Pressure and it's equation
The force exerted by circulating blood volume on the walls of arteries
BP = cardiac output (CO) x peripheral resistance (PR)
Describe Baroreceptor function
detects changes in blood pressure
Primarily faces the left ventricle (also known as diaphragmatic surface)
Inferior Surface
The toughest outer layer of heart
The Fibrous (pericardium) layer
When the Atria contract, an additional 10% to 30% of returning blood is added to filling of the ventricles.
What is Atrial Kick?
Describe Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume
Cardiac Output: Vol. of blood pumped into the aorta each minute by the heart
Stroke Volume: Amount of blood ejected from a ventricle with each heartbeat
Describe Chemoreceptor function
Detect and respond to changes in:
Oxygen content of blood
pH
Carbon dioxide tension