Right Heart Pressure Problems
This condition is defined by abnormally elevated pressure in the pulmonary arteries, with mPAP > 20 mmHg at rest.
What is pulmonary hypertension?
This cardiomyopathy is defined by LV hypertrophy, often with wall thickness ≥ 1.5 cm, in the absence of another cause.
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
This post-MI complication is a clot often found in akinetic, dyskinetic, infarcted walls or the LV apex.
What is LV thrombus?
This condition is inflammation of the pericardium and may occur with or without an effusion.
What is pericarditis?
This strain measurement averages longitudinal strain across LV segments and is commonly reported in echo.
What is global longitudinal strain, or GLS?
This right heart chamber is most affected by pulmonary hypertension because it must pump directly into the high-pressure pulmonary arteries.
What is the right ventricle?
This mitral valve motion can contribute to dynamic LVOT obstruction in HCM.
What is systolic anterior motion, or SAM?
This true post-MI complication has a wide neck and commonly forms in the anterior or apical LV wall.
What is a true LV aneurysm?
This pericardial condition causes the heart to function in a fixed, noncompliant space, limiting diastolic filling.
What is constrictive pericarditis?
For LV systolic function, normal longitudinal strain is typically represented by this type of number.
What is a negative number?
This PSAX finding occurs when RV pressure overload pushes the interventricular septum toward the LV.
What is a D-shaped LV / septal flattening?
This classic CW Doppler profile is associated with dynamic LVOT obstruction in HOCM.
What is a late-peaking dagger-shaped waveform?
This false aneurysm occurs when LV free-wall rupture is contained by pericardial adhesions or epicardium.
What is a pseudoaneurysm?
This Doppler finding in constrictive pericarditis shows medial e′ greater than lateral e′.
What is annulus reversus?
These three apical views are typically needed to calculate LV GLS.
What are apical 4-chamber, apical 2-chamber, and apical long-axis/3-chamber views?
This pulmonic valve Doppler finding suggests elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and is seen in moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension.
What is mid-systolic notching?
This restrictive/infiltrative cardiomyopathy commonly demonstrates apical sparing on strain imaging.
What is cardiac amyloidosis?
This mechanical complication is often caused by posteromedial papillary muscle rupture after inferior MI and produces acute severe MR.
What is papillary muscle rupture?
This respiratory Doppler clue for constriction is significant when mitral inflow varies by more than this percentage.
What is greater than 25% respiratory variation?
These primary diastolic function measurements include mitral inflow, annular e′ velocities, LAVI, and peak TR velocity.
What are the core echo measures used to assess diastolic function?
This PE-associated echo sign shows RV free-wall dysfunction with relative apical sparing.
What is McConnell’s sign?
This rare cardiomyopathy involves fatty/fibrous replacement of RV myocardium and can cause life-threatening arrhythmias.
What is arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia, or ARVC/ARVD?
This valve could leak following an inferior wall MI.
What is the mitral valve?
This hepatic vein Doppler finding strongly supports constrictive pericarditis.
What is expiratory diastolic flow reversal?
In cardio-oncology, this finding may detect subclinical LV dysfunction before EF significantly decreases.
What is a reduction/worsening in GLS?