Valvular Disease
What does dP/dt measure?
What are pressure changes within the ventricles
Where would the moderator band be seen on an echo?
What is the RV Apex
Name TWO characteristics of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
What is
-Increased LV wall thickness
-SAM
-Elevated LVOT Gradients
Which two specific mitral valve leaflets are seen in the parasternal long axis view
What is A2 & P2
Which valves are CLOSED during systole?
What are the AV Valves
-Mitral Valve
-Tricuspid Valve
Irregular focal thickening of the aortic valve WITHOUT obstruction to flow is known as
What is Aortic Sclerosis
Pulmonary hypertension is typically indicated by an estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure of __ mmHg or greater
What is 35mmHg
An LV wall thickness of ___ mm in one myocardial segment indicated HCM
Which structure is located in the CENTER of the atrial septum.
Also the most common site for an ASD
What is the Ostium Secundum
Which valves are CLOSED during diastole?
What are the Semilunar Valves
-Aortic Valve
-Pulmonic Valve
_________ can lead to incomplete systolic mitral leaflet closure, which can cause mitral regurgitation.
What is Tethering of the leaflets
What is the measurement of the percentage change in the area of the right ventricle RV between diastole and systole AND what is the normal value?
Normal value >35%
A measure of the severity of mitral regurgitation (MR) that's calculated by dividing the volume of blood that flows backward through the mitral valve by the total stroke volume.
Regurgitant Fraction (RF%)
<30 - mild
30-49 - moderate
>50 -severe
Which Chamber is the most anterior
What is the Right Ventricle
Classifies the outward bulge of the ventricular wall during systole.
What is dyskinesis
This measurement quantifies the severity of a regurgitant volume and can only be measured when the color baseline is shifted down.
What is Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA)
Name THREE potential causes of Tricuspid Regurgitation
What is
-Pulmonary Hypertension
-RV enlargement
-Damage to tricuspid valve leaflets
-congenital heart defects
-endocarditis
Symptoms of ___________ Cardiomyopathy will only be experienced during exercise.
Hypertrophic
Which chamber of the heart is connected to the aorta?
what is the left ventricle
The Coronary Artery that feeds the anterior free wall of the left ventricle
What is the LAD
Name the 3 components of the Mitral Regurgitation Jet
What is
1. Flow convergence
2. Vena Contracta
3. Jet Expansion
Name FOUR possible echo findings on a patient with a PE.
What is
-Enlarged RV
-Interventricular Septal Flattening
-McConnell's Sign
-Mid systolic notching of pulmonic valve
-Pulmonary Acceleration Time of <60 m/s
A condition where the heart muscle is damaged due to a reduced blood supply.
What is ischemic cardiomyopathy?
Three views visualizing the basal interventricular septum and posterior wall.
What is the PLAX, PSAX, and APICAL 3 CHAMBER
Name THREE potential causes of infective endocarditis
What is
-dental procedures
-intravenous drug use
-prosthetic valves
-infectious disease
-skin disorders