Conditions of Loading
The resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood.
What is afterload?
Right heart failure due to pulmonary disease is referred to as __________.
Hypokinesis is displayed as ______ on the strain bull's eye plot.
What is pink?
LA is considered enlarged at ______________.
What is >34 ml/m2?
Mitral inflow E<A with:
What is impaired filling/Grade I?
An increase in heart rate causes a(n) (decrease/increase) in contractility.
What is increase?
Describe the ventricular walls and chambers with HFrEF.
What is thin walls, poor contractility, dilated/spherical chamber?
What are the A4C, A2C, and A3C?
If LVEDP is normal, then LAP must be _____________.
What is normal?
Mitral E/A ratio >2
What is restrictive filling/Grade III?
Systolic dysfunction causes a(n) (decrease/increase) in ESV.
What is an increase? (SV is less with systolic dysfunction)
What is systemic congestion (right heart failure).
In which view should RVFWS be obtained?
The most useful diastolic parameter in the presence of atrial fibrillation is:
What is the E/e' ratio?
Mitral E/A ratio of 1.5
Mitral e' velocity 6 cm/s
Mitral E/e' ratio of 11
Pulmonary S<D
What is pseudonormal filling/Grade II?
Chamber dilatation can be a maladaptive response in attempt to maintain cardiac output by increasing preload. This concept is described by:
What is the Frank-Starling law/curve?
With HFpEF, pump function is _______ and stroke volume is _________.
What is normal and reduced?
Dyskinesis during systole produces (positive/negative) strain values and is displayed as _________ on the bull's eye plot?
What is positive and blue?
Name two intrinsic and two extrinsic causes of abnormal diastolic function.
What are?
Intrinsic - CAD, HTN, valvular disease, primary myocardial disease (cardiomyopathy)
Extrinsic - cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis
With Grade II diastolic dysfunction, a Valsalva maneuver will cause the mitral inflow pattern to take on a _________ appearance.
How does HFrEF impact the following loading conditions? Increased or decreased?
a. Contractility
b. Preload
c. Afterload
What is:
a. Decreased (poor contractility)
b. Increased (volume overload and congestion)
c. Increased (neurohormonal activation of the sympathetic NS = systemic vasoconstriction)
Name two ACE inhibitors that are used to treat HFrEF.
What are lisinopril, enalapril, ramipril?
When obtaining LV GLS, it is critical for accuracy to ensure consistent _________ between views.
What is heart rate?
A Valsalva maneuver can unmask pseudonormal diastolic function because:
What is decreases LA preload?
The larger the E/e' ratio, the (more/less) severe the diastolic dysfunction.
What is more?