Embryology
This is the first hole in the interatrial septum.
What is the Ostium Primum
They attach the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles
What are Chordae Tendineae?
From the apical long axis view, AI will look like this.
What is a red mosaic below the AV?
4v2 is commonly used to calculate this echo finding.
What is right ventricular systolic pressure?
Example
TR Velocity = 2.0 m/s
4 (2.0)2 = 4 (4) = 16 mmHg
*Make sure to have a full TR envelope when measuring and reporting RVSP
The best way to see a PFO.
What is the subcostal view?
This develops from the superior portion of the atrium to the right of the septum primum
What is the septum secundum
15-25 mmHg describes what?
What is the normal systolic pressure in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery?
To see this, it helps to turn the Nyquist limit down in the subcostal view.
What is an ASD or PFO?
Measure at least 5 consecutive Doppler signals from the highest window when the patient is in this rhythm.
What is atrial fibrillation?
Throughout exam caliper your peak velocities. At the end of the exam pick your best window/Doppler signals and measure at least 5 Doppler signals. Make sure to leave them averaged in the report.
The best window for AV valve doppler.
What is apical window?
The small amount of blood that did not shunt across the ductus arteriosus remains in the pulmonary artery and does what?
What is travels through the lungs and back to the left atrium via the four pulmonary veins
Name the three tricuspid valve leaflets.
What are anterior, posterior and septal?
A red flow signal and a blue flow signal coming into the right atrium is called this.
What is the Bicaval view?
This is measured on all patients to rule out stenosis.
What is peak AV velocity?
It is not seen in the PSAX at the base.
What is the left ventricle?
The most common type of ASD and it's location.
What is ostium secundum?
Defect located in the mid-portion of the interatrial septum.
Subcostal window is best view. Optimize image by zooming in on IAS and reducing the color scale. Pan through the septum with color Doppler.
Where the right atrium receive blood from.
What is the IVC, SVC, Thebesian veins, and the coronary sinus?
In the PLAX, red color Doppler flow signal in the pulmonary artery might represent this.
What is a PDA.
This is an indication of increased left ventricular filling pressures with pulsed Doppler.
What is mitral A greater than E?
Three views visualizing the basal interventricular septum and posterior wall.
What are the PLAX, PSAX, and the Apical Long Axis?
Pulmonary hypertension with persistent right to left shunting across the PFO and the PDA results in what?
What is persistent fetal circulation?
This is 2-8 mmHg
What is the normal right atrial pressure?
This may be seen in the PSAX view at the base in diastole but at a lower velocity than PI.
What is coronary artery flow?
Cross sectional area X VTI.
What is Doppler Stroke Volume?
A basal anterior wall motion abnormality at peak stress.
What is the result of a LAD coronary artery stenosis?