Ecology
What is the pioneer species in primary succession?
Lichen
List at least two abiotic factors.
Sunlight, weather, rocks, ....any nonliving thing
List at least TWO organelles you would find in a eukaryotic cell but NOT a prokaryotic cell.
Any membrane-bound organelle: nucleus, mitochondria, rough ER, golgi body, lysosome, smooth ER, vacuole
*can NOT say ribosomes or cell membrane (ALL cells on Earth, including prokaryotes, have these organelles)
How does oxygen cross the cell membrane (active transport, facilitated diffusion, or simple diffusion)?
Simple diffusion (oxygen is small and nonpolar so it can directly cross the cell membrane without the help of a transport protein)
What is artificial selection?
When a HUMAN selects which organisms mate.
If a drought caused a decrease in autotrophs in an area, what would occur to the amount of energy at higher levels on a trophic pyramid?
decrease
The base/bottommost level of a trophic pyramid is always which type of organism.
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Mitochondrial matrix
Where does the Calvin cycle (also known as the light-independent reactions) take place?
Stroma of the chloroplast
What type of selection occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored?
Stabilizing selection
What occurs when you remove a keystone species from an ecosystem?
The biodiversity of that ecosystem declines significantly. This causes the ecosystem to become much less stable.
A bee pollinates a flower. What type of symbiotic relationship is this?
Mutualism
What is the function of the rough ER?
Synthesis (making) of proteins that eventually leave the cell
What is the function of the mitochondria?
use oxygen to break down glucose in order to create ATP energy
Is habitat isolation an example of a prezygotic to postzygotic barrier? Why?
Prezygotic barrier: If organisms do not occupy the same habitat (in other words, they live in different areas), they can not mate and create a zygote.
List at least one density-dependent factor that could cause a population to reach its carrying capacity.
Limit food or space, presence of predators, disease spreading more rapidly when population gets too large.
What usually happens to the biodiversity in an ecosystem when you take away a keystone species?
What would you observe if you put a piece of apple in distilled water and allowed it to sit overnight?
it would gain mass
*Distilled water is 0 M while the apple slice contains sugar and therefore has a molarity greater than 0 M. Because water always moves toward a higher molarity, water will move into the apple causing it to gain mass.
A phagocytic cell engulfs bacteria and then breaks it down using hydrolytic enzymes. What organelle would be found in phagocytic cell in high abundance?
Lysosomes
*remember that lysosomes function to break things down. Hydrolysis reactions are a type of reaction that breaks down molecules into smaller molecules. A lysosome has hydrolytic enzymes to perform hydrolysis reactions.
What is an altruistic behavior?
“self-sacrificing” behavior; behavior that benefits another individual at a cost to oneself
How do autotrophs obtain energy?
They perform photosynthesis (using their chloroplasts) to create glucose.
They then perform cellular respiration (using their mitochondria) to CREATE/OBTAIN energy by breaking glucose down. This generates ATP energy.
What is resource/niche partitioning?
When two organisms occupy the same niche (eat same food, live in same place, ...), they will compete for resources. Niche partitioning is when two species that occupy the same niche change in some way to reduce competition between them.
List three pieces of evidence for the endosymbiotic theory.
1.) ...their own circular DNA
2.) ...their own ribosomes
3.) ....a double membrane
What is a flagella?
*challenge question (not on test)
whip-like extension that propels cells through a fluid environment, allowing for movement.
*note: flagella are NOT present in all cells. Only some cells, such as sperm cells, contain flagella to allow movement.
*if a cell has a flagella, it will only have ONE flagella. Cells can also have cilia that allow for movement. Cilia are small extensions and cells that have this specialized structures have MANY cilia.
What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
Allopatric speciation: creation of a new species after a geographical barrier separates the populations.
Sympatric speciation: creation of a new species while populations without separation of geographical barrier.