Show:
Water Cycle
Oceans
Rivers & Streams
Lakes & Ponds
Human Influences
100

Precipitation

condensation occurs until saturation point is reached then it will begin to precipitate. Will be Intercepted by plaints and other natural obstacles. Surface water with infiltrate soil and surface runoff will occur.

100

Horizontal Zones

•Littoral zone or intertidal
zone - shallow shoreline
affected by tides
•Neritic zone – from coast
to the margin of the
continental shelf
•Oceanic zone – beyond
neritic.

100

Part 1 rivers

  • Rivers are important to both ecology and to human history and economics
  • When precipitation falls or melts, a portion runs off into channels eventually forming a network of channels that drains the landscape
  • A river basin is an area of a continent or island that is drained by a river drainage network
100

Earths surface and Great Lakes

  • The earths surface is covered by over 300, 000, 000 lakes although most of the water is found in only a few large lakes
  • The 5 great lakes located between Canada and The United States contain nearly 20% of the worlds fresh surface water
100

CO2

  • arbonic acid into the water
  • Decreses the oceans pH and helps the rising ocean temp
  • Decreased species abundance
  • Corals struggle the most due to the reduction deposition of calcium phosphate
200

Infiltration 

Water that has infiltrated the soil begins to travel via percolation and collect as ground water. Ground water continues to move via the forces of gravity to some end point (e.g., lakes, river, ocean). Some ground water can continue to percolate downward into impermeable rock formations called aquifers.

Water that has infiltrated the soil is made accessible to plants via their root systems. Water available in ground water or aquifers may be accessible by humans for domestic and industrial uses.

200

Vertical Zones 


Epipelagic - surface to 200 m.
• Mesopelagic - 200 to 1,000 m.
• Bathypelagic - 1,000 to 4,000 m.
• Abyssal - 4,000 to 6,000 m.
• Hadal - deepest parts of the oceans.

200

Characteristics

  • Rivers and streams can be divided along three dimensions, width, depth, and length
  • Along the length of a river, you may find repeating segments that differ by depth
  • Pool- deeper segments, longer water residence time, slow flow
  • Riffle- Shallow segments, short water residence rime, fast flow
  • Run- intermediate depth segment, connects riffles and pools
  • Across widths rivers are divided into wetted (always contain water) and active (may only contain water during floods) channels. Outside the active channel are riparian zones
200

Lake Structure Zones

  • :Lake structure parallels that of oceans
  • Littoral zones: shallow water along lakeshore
  • Limnetic zone: open lake
  • Lakes are stratified similar to oceans
  • Epilimnion- warm well lighted surface layer
200

Dumping

  • Growing populations have increased the amounts of nutrients and toxic waste dumped into aquatic systems
  • The discharge of decomposing waste depletes oxygen and physiologically stresses aquatic organisms
  • Changing of water chimcals makes the coral reef go under stress and can manipulate its natural state
300

Plant Processes 

Stage 3 – Plant Processes

Plant roots take in ground water and transport water to where it is required, including leaves. During photosynthesis, stomata on stems and leaves open and release water through transpiration.

300

Habitat Zones


Pelagic - habitat above  bottom.
• Benthic - bottom habitats

300

River zones

  • Rivers and streams can be divided into vertical layers
  • Water surface
  • Water column
  • Benthic zone
  • The area below the benthic zone in which surface water meets ground water is known as the hypothetic zone
  • The area below the hyporheic zone that contains groundwater is known as the phreatic zone
300

Oxygenated Lakes and Streams 

  • Bottom renewing oxygen renews nutrients at top of water column
  • In low elevation stratified lakes wind driven mixing I limited to the top water column and the bottom will become anoxic
300

Human effects

  • Most of earths urban areas are located on rivers, lakes or oceans
  • Cuz of hydrological cycle things we do in one part of the landscape will affect downstream and distant
400

Evaporation 

Stage 4 – Evaporation

Whether the water was intercepted, returned to rivers and lakes via ground water, consumed in domestic or industrial processes, or released through transpiration, it becomes exposed to solar radiation, heated, and portions are returned to the atmosphere via evaporation. The sum total of all water returned to the atmosphere from the ground and vegetation is termed evapotranspiration.

400

Light in the ocean

  • Light can penetrate the first 10m of the surface
  • Photic zone: the upper layers of an ocean or lake in which there is enough light to support photosynthesis
  • Biological activity is greatest in the photic zone near the continents, and decreases farther from land
  • Kelp forests and coral reef can be found in these highly productive areas
400

river continuum concept and physical structure 


  • The physical structure of rivers changes along a gradient from shady headwaters to larger, warmer downstream regions
  • The type of organisms found along this gradient changes as well, from organisms that mainly consume course particulate organic matter (CPOM) in headwater regions to those that consume fine particulate matter (FPOM) farther downstream
  • River continuum concept- a model that predicts changes in physical structure, dominant organisms, and ecosystem processes along the length of temperate rivers
400

Winter/Surface Freeze

  • Wind-driven mixing of the water coloumn
  • Temp zones are thermally stratified
  • During winter ice forms a surface barrier that prevents mixing
  • In spring/fall stratification breaks down winds and winds drive vertical current mixing temperat waters at the top
400

Water on earth 

  • Over 70% of the earths surface is covered by unevenly distributed water
  • Oceans contain >97% of the water in the biosphere
  • Les than 1% is fresh waters in rivers, lakes, and actively exchanged groundwater
  • Nearly 20% of the planets freshwater is found in Canada Vs. 7% of the worlds land mass
  • 65% of earths freshwater is found in glaciers and icefields, and nearly 30% is groundwater
  • A very small fraction of freshwater is surface water (lakes and streams)
500

Peatlands and Wetlands 

2 forms

  • Those that form peat or those who don’t
  • Peat consists of partially decomposed plant material building up in poorly drained wetlands
  • The two types of Peatlands are Bogs and Fens
500

Bogs and Fens

  • Well-developed layers of mosses and sedges
  • Plat growth and decomp slow due to limited oxygen and low pH and cold tempsBogs are foundin depressions
  • Only source of water is precipitation
500

Fens

  • Fens get water from ground and surface water <pH4.5
  • Water chemistry of fens is variable

500

Turn Over Time

  • Reservoirs replenish at different rates
  • Time required for the entire volume of a particular reservoir to be renewed
  • Reservoir size and rates of water exchanges are two main determinants of turnover time thus occurs at vastly different rates in different reservoirs
  • Water in the atmosphere turns over about every nine days
  • River water turns over in about 12-20 days
  • Ocean turnover time is 3100 years
500

Seasonal Stratification 

From late spring through early fall, some lakes in temperate climates experience thermal stratification, a phenomenon wherein lakes separate into three distinct thermal layers