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Communities and ecosystems
The Greenhouse effect
Populations
Evolution
Classification
100
Define the terms: Species Habitat Community
Species: A group of organisms that are able to breed and produce fertile offspring. Habitat: The environment in which a species normally lives Community: A group of populations living and interacting in an area
100
Which group of organisms in the carbon cycle converts carbon into a form that is available to primary consumers?
Producers (Plants)
100
What is the definition of a population?
The number of individuals of the same species in a given area.
100
What is evolution?
A cumulative change in the heritable (genetically controlled) characteristics of a population.
100
What is the largest grouping in the classification system.
Kingdom
200
What is a food chain? Give an example of a food chain with at least three to four links.
Must start with a named plant. Arrows MUST go FROM the thing being eaten TO the thing doing the eating! (follow the flow of energy)
200
What is a potential consequence of the rise in global temperatures on the Arctic ecosystem? A) Increased exposure to UV light B) Increased rate of decomposition of detritus C) Decreased success of pest species D) Increase in the ice habitat available to polar bears
B
200
Draw and label a graph showing a sigmoid (S Shaped) population growth curve
Check the answer on page 84 of the text book :) (I can't draw answers in here). You should have: - labelled the axis - labelled each of the three sections (exponential, transitional and plateau).
200
How do fossils provide evidence for evolution?
Studying fossil skeletons lets us make 'inferences' (educated guesses) about what organisms looked like historically and the function of each bone. We can observe a gradual change over time if we find fossils from different time periods.
200
A poodle and a chihuahua are both dogs and classified as Canis familiaris. What conclusion can be made?
They belong to the same genus and are the same species.
300
Which organisms are responsible for recycling NUTRIENTS in a food web?
Decomposers (detritivores and saprotrophs) get their energy from dead organisms. As they break down dead organisms they are recycling the nutrients back into the environment.
300
Outline how three different environmental conditions can affect the rate of photosynthesis in plants.
LIGHT: As light intensity increases, p/s rate increases until you hit a maximum rate (where it plateaus) where all chlorophyll are working as fast as they can. TEMPERATURE: As temp increases p/s rate increases until a point where the high temperature denatures the enzymes and p/s will stop suddenly. CO2 levels: P/s rate increases with increasing CO2 levels until a maximum rate (and plateaus) is hit where the chloroplasts are working as fast as they can.
300
What does the term 'carrying capacity' mean?
The maximum numbers of individual species that can be supported by the environment.
300
Describe how sexual reproduction helps to provide variation within a species.
There are two processes in MEIOSIS that can cause variation: 1. Independent assortment - occurs during Metaphase I when the homologous pairs of chromosomes move to the equator of the cell. 2. Crossing over - occurs during prophase I when the homologous chromosomes pair up.
300
To which group do sponges belong?
Porifera
400
If a rabbit eats 50g of grass, this will be turned into how many grams of rabbit?
5g
400
Explain how the emission of gases, both naturally and through human activity, can alter the surface temperature of the Earth.
Must make 4 of the following points for 400 points: 1) increase in temperature is called global warming 2) main gas responsible is carbon dioxide 3) other gases like methane/nitrous oxide also cause effect; 4) shortwave radiation from the Sun enters atmosphere and warms the surface of Earth; 5) longwave radiation emitted by the surface of the Earth is absorbed by carbon dioxide/greenhouse gases instead of leaving Earth and going back into space. 6) human use of fossil fuels has increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide; 7) rapid rise in temperatures over (approximately) hundred years; 8) cows/animals/peat bogs release methane; 9) greenhouse gases emitted by volcanic activity;
400
What are three factors that limit the size of a PLANT population?
Amount of light available Temperature Amount of CO2 Amount of water available
400
Outline the evidence for evolution that is provided by homologous structures.
You should have 3 of these statements (or similar message in different words) 1) When we compare the anatomy of groups of animals or plants it shows that there are certain structural features that are very similar. 2) homologous structures are those that are similar in shape in different types of organisms 3) Having structural similarities implies a common ancestry 4) Example = bats wings and human hand, bone structure and layout is similar but adapted to different functions 5) Some homologous structures remain in some species even though they seem to have no apparent function (example human appendix).
400
An animal has radial symmetry, a sac-like body with only one opening and tentacles with stinging structures. To which phylum does this animal belong?
Cnidaria
500
Explain the shape of the pyramids of energy that are constructed by ecologists to represent energy flow in an ecosystem.
Must have THREE of these points for the full 500 points: 1) energy flows up from one trophic level to the next (in a community) 2) energy is lost at each stage by waste products/feces/not all the organism is consumed 3) most energy is lost through respiration/heat 4) each level on the pyramid is about 10%–20% of the size of the one below it 5) 80%–90% energy lost between levels 6) labelled diagram of pyramid of energy (indicating trophic levels) (getting smaller and smaller as you move up)
500
Outline the precautionary principle
Must have two of these points. 1) When humans make changes there can be large or even catastrophic consequences. 2) People responsible/wanting to make changes must first prove that it will cause no harm before they can proceed. 3) Example companies must immediately reduce emission of greenhouse gases even though proof of human impact on global warming is still debated 4) This is a reverse of what used to happen. Previously people had to prove that harm WAS being done (or was going to occur) before they could stop a company from proceeding with their activity.
500
If natality is slightly larger than mortality, and immigration is much larger than emigration, what will happen to the size of a population?
It will increase
500
Explain how natural selection can lead to evolution using antibiotic resistance in bacteria as an example.
1) members of a population of the same species show variation 2) some organisms are more likely to survive due to selective advantage / survival of the fittest 4) Some of the variations will be genetically controlled (inheritable) 3) Those that survive will reproduce and may pass on the genes that provided the advantage to offspring 4) Eventually this can change the characteristics of the population EXAMPLE: 5) bacteria can normally be killed with antibiotics 6) if a few bacteria have natural resistance to the antibiotic they will survive 7) if the resistance is heritable they will pass it on to their offspring 8) they will reproduce/evolve to form bacterial colonies resistant to the antibiotic;
500
Which plant phylum does this description fit: Underground stem that bears roots and leaves called fronds; spores develop in spore cases called sporangia located on the underside of fronds.
Filicinophyta