Natural Selection
Definition of Natural Selection
A change in frequency of genotypes in a population through different survival and reproduction of individuals bearing those traits.
Salmon and bamboo are example of this reproductive strategy. Name the benefit to this strategy
Semelparity
Advantage in populations with high juvenile survivorship but low adult survivorship
This biome has harsh winters <30C and short summers. Low precipitation all year with a maritime climate
Tundra
1)States that the observed affect is a result of chance
2)States that the observed affect is not result of chance but a biological factor
1)null hypothesis
2)alternative hypothesis
Genetic variation occurs during these phenomenons and processes.
Meiosis, recombination, mutations
Describe how rock pocket mice are a product of natural selection
The predators selected against fur color depending on the environment. Black rock areas selected against light colored fur because these mice were easily seen and picked off by predators and vice versa.
This reproduction strategy allows an individual to allocate resources to growth.
iteroparity
This biome has mild temperatures year-round and precipitation all year long
Temperate Seasonal (Deciduous forest)
simplified ecological systems attempted to replicate a natural environment
microcosms
This phenomenon occurs when fluctuations in allele frequencies arise by chance in a small breeding population.
Genetic Drift
Name the three ingredients for natural selection
1) genetic variation among individuals in a population
2) inheritance of variation
3) difference in fitness that is related to genetic variation
These two strategies are effective in asexual reproduction
vegetatively, parthenogenesis
This biome has extreme winters and summers with moderate precipitation (30-85 cm/year)
Temperate grasslands/cold deserts
This variable is manipulated in an experiment
independent variable
Name and mansplain two phenomenons that lead to genetic drift.
Founder effects: Few individuals establish a new colony, carrying a small variation in genotypes from original population.
Population bottlenecks: Occurs when random events reduce the population size, unselectively killing off individuals and eliminating genotypes.
Natural selection can effect the frequency of heritable traits within a population in three different ways
1) stabilizing natural selection: selects against extreme phenotypes
2) directional natural selection: selects against one extreme and favors the other extreme
3) disruptive natural selection (balanced polymorphism): select against intermediate phenotypes
Parasite-mediated sexual selection hypothesis
Runaway Selection
This biome has seasonal rainfall with prolonged dry periods. Rainfall coincides with ITCZ position
Tropical grassland/tropical seasonal forest
Probability below which a stated outcome of an event or experiment unlikely occurred due to chance
critical probability (P value)
If this phenomenon stopped, speciation would occur. Define this phenomenon and define speciation.
Genetic Flow: movement of genes from one population to another.
Speciation: form new species by interrupting gene flow, allowing genetic variation to accumulate until interbreeding is impossible.
El Nino increases the water temperature, thus increasing rainfall. This causes increased plant growth, causing large beak sizes to be selected against.
La Nina decreases water temp, thus decreasing rainfall. This causes decreased plant growth with limited seed availability. Only large seeds survived, thus selecting against small beak finches.
Name and describe the three hypothesis surrounding sexual reproduction advantage
Winning Lottery Ticket
Sibling Competition
Red Queen
This biome has extremely dry summers and mild winters. Very low precipitation
woodland
1) Make observations
2) Background Research
3) Formulate hypothesis
4) Design experiment to test hypothesis
5) Conduct statistical tests to reject or accept null
6) Draw Conclusions
One type of speciation occurs due to geographic barriers while this other type of speciation occurs due to a biological barrier.
Allopatric, Sympatric