Show:
Interactions and Evolution
Physiological Ecology
Behavioural and Individual Ecology
Population Ecology
Case Studies
100
This type of speciation occurs as a result of a large geographic isolation between populations.
What is allopatric speciation?
100
What is LT50?
Lethal temperature 50: Temperature at with 50% of the exposed organisms will die.
100
Which of the following is not favoured by K-selection? a) iteroparity b) high competitive ability c) fast development d) few offspring
c) fast development
100
a) Allopatric speciation
Which type of speciation occurs as a result of large geographic isolation between populations? a) Allopatric speciation b) Spatial speciation c) Parapatric speciation d) Sympatric speciation
100
When will frequency-dependent selection occur?
When the fitness of an individual depends on the relative frequency of other phenotypes in the population.
200
These are the four key aspects of natural selection.
What are: 1) more individuals are produced than can be supported 2) there is variation among individuals, some of which is heritable 3) some traits give individuals a higher chance of surviving and reproducing 4) traits that result in increased fitness will become more common within a population
200
What two patterns of body temperature can be seen in a heterotherm? a) ectothermy and endothermy b) ectothermy and homeothermy c) homeothermy and endothermy d) poikilothermy and homeothermy
d) poikilothermy and homeothermy
200
What are Bateman's four principles?
1) reduced investment in gametes and parental care by males increases their potential rate of production, biasing the relative number of sexually active males to females 2) this leads to increased intensity of intrasexual competition, increased variance in breeding success, and stronger selection for traits affecting competitive abilities 3) this leads to higher selectivity in choice of mating partners by females 4) this generates selection pressures in males for traits that display their quality as breeding partners (secondary sexual characteristics)
200
At rmax, the b will be ______ and the d will be ______? a) maximized, maximized b) maximized, minimized c) minimized, maximized d) minimized, minimized
b) maximized, minimized
200
True or false: The fitness of hawks is always higher than the fitness of doves.
False - hawk fitness is frequency-dependent
300
These are processes of microevolution. a) speciation and genetic drift b) mutation and genetic drift c) adaptive radiation and mutation d) speciation and adaptive radiation
What are mutation and genetic drift?
300
In the summer, a population of White Spruce experiences a maximum rate of photosynthesis at 25 degrees Celsius. In the winter, the same population experiences a maximum rate of photosynthesis at 0 degrees Celsius. Does this process illustrate acclimation or adaptation?
Acclimation
300
What is a benefit of reaching maturity early and at a smaller size?
-Higher probability that individuals will survive to maturity because of reduced juvenile period
300
What is the Allee effect?
The depression of the per capita growth rate at low population densities. (may occur in certain populations/situations - ex. mating, pollination)
300
It is possible for a hawk to invade a population of doves? Why?
Yes, because the hawk's fitness is initially higher than the doves', allowing it to invade the population.
400
Which of the statements is FALSE about allopatric, sympatric, and parapatric speciation? a) all three types of speciation result from barriers (not necessarily physical) preventing gene-flow b) if the separated species come back together, they will be able to reproduce c) there is evidence of all three in nature d) all of the above
b) the point of speciation is that if the "barrier" is removed, and the species come back into contact, they will not be able to reproduce
400
4) Which of the following is true about distribution limits? a) distribution limits are always static b) distribution limits are capable of unlimited change c) distribution limits can only occur on a global scale d) the distribution limits for competing species cannot overlap e) none of the above
e) none of the above
400
Assign the 3 functional response types (Type I, Type II, Type III) to the following graphs (please refer to orange graphs)
A) Type III B) Type II C) Type I
400
Which of the following is not a defining condition of metapopulations? a) the population dynamics of different subpopulations are not synchronized b) habitat patches are not too isolated to prevent recolonization c) populations occupy suitable habitat in discrete patches d) only the smallest patches have a risk of extinction
d) only the smallest patches have a risk of extinction
400
What would cause the proportion of hawks in the evolutionarily stable state to increase?
When the R/C (reward/cost) ratio is decreased.
500
Assign the modes of selection to the following graphs (refer to the purple graphs). Which mode of selection is missing? Can you come up with an example for each mode?
A) directional selection B) disruptive selection C) stabilizing selection missing mode of selection: frequency-dependent
500
What would cause a performance curve to change?
Acclimation and/or adaptation
500
Which of the following is a prediction of the Marginal Value Theorem? a) for patches of the same quality, time spent foraging should decrease with time spent travelling to a patch, in order to make up for time lost during travel b) organisms should only include a food source in their diet if their rate of energy intake increases by doing so c) predators should abandon a patch when the rate of energy gained is at a maximum d) individuals should always eat the most profitable prey type when it is encountered
c) predators should abandon a patch when the rate of energy gained is at a maximum
500
What causes logistic growth (why does it depart from exponential growth)?
Because the per capita rates are a function of population density.
500
What is the difference between negative frequency-dependent selection and positive frequency-dependent selection?
positive frequency-dependent selection: majority advantage (ex. warning coloration in poisonous frogs) negative frequency-dependent selection: minority advantage (ex. hawks and doves)