Exploitative Interactions
What are the 3 types of exploitative interactions
Predation, Parasitism, Competition
Define Mutualism and Commensalism
Mutualism: (+,+)
Commensalism: (+,0)
Define Biogeography
The study of variation in species composition and diversity among geographic locations
What is optimal foraging?
Animals will maximize the amount of energy acquired per unit of feeding time
Define landscape ecology.
The study of landscape patterns and the effects of those patterns on ecological processes.
What are the two types of parasites?
Endoparasite and Ectoparasite
_____________ grow on other plants, gaining access to resources
Epiphytes
Define Vicariance
evolutionary separation of species by continental drift
Define the handicap principle
if a male can have a trait that is not adaptive, it must be that the overall fitness of the individual is high
Define conservation biology
the scientific study of phenomena that affect the maintenance, loss, and restoration of biodiversity
Name and Define the two types of competition.
Exploitation competition: one species denies access to a resource by using it
Interference competition: one species denies access to a resource by defending it
What is a cheater in a mutualistic interaction?
Individuals that increased their fitness by overexploiting their mutualistic partner
Describe the island biogeography theory. (Hint: think of the figure about number of species compare to immigration and extinction rates)
small, far = fewest species
large, near = most species
What are the Tinbergen's four questions?
Ontogeny, Mechanisms, Phylogeny, and Adaptive significance
What is a habitat corridor?
linear patches that connect blocks of habitat
What is coevolution? Give me an example of coevolution.
Coevolution: Adaptations in one population promote the evolution of adaptations in another
Examples:
- Moths and bats
- newts and garter snakes
- humans and snakes
What are the two types of mutualisms? Define each.
–Obligate: necessary for survival of both species
–Facultative: advantageous to both species, but not necessary
What are the three categories of hypotheses for the latitudinal diversity gradient hypothesis?
1. Diversification Rate
2. Diversification Time
3. Productivity
What are the 4 mating systems?
Monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, promiscuity
What is an edge effect? Give an example of a type of edge effect.
Altered state of conditions found around the outside of a habitat fragment.
Examples: wind disturbance, tree mortality, increased air temp, decreased soil moisture
Draw the isoclines for Species 1 and Species 2 from the following information and tell me whether the species will coexist.
K1:200
K2: 300
K1/A: 600
K2/B: 400
.
What are three possible benefits received by organisms in a mutualism?
- Trophic: energy/nutrients
- Habitat: shelter
-Service: Defensive/Dispersive
Define alpha, beta, and gamma diversity
Alpha - # of species in each habitat/community
Beta - species diversity between communities
Gamma - # of species in each region
What are 2 costs and 2 benefits to group living?
Potential Costs:
Potential Benefits:
Describe the better/worse for each aspect.
BETTER/worse
Reserve size: LARGE/small
Number of reserves: many/FEW
Reserve proximity: CLOSE/far
Reserve connectivity: disconnected/CONNECTED
Reserve shape: CIRCULAR/oblong