9-1
What were the attitude of the courts in regards to unions during the early 1900s?
unfavorable attitude toward unions
a standard amount of pay given for work performed
wage rate
an invisible barrier that obstructs their advancement up the corporate ladder
glass ceiling
the length of time a person has been on the job
seniority
the worst period of economic decline and stagnation in the history of the United States
men and women 16 years old and over who are either working or actively looking for a job
civilian labor force
What theory states that supply and demand for a worker’s skills and services determine the wage or salary?
market theory of wage determination
a wage, fringe benefit, or work rule given up when a labor contract is renegotiated
giveback
the lowest wage that can be paid by law to most workers
minimum wage
Theory that states that employers are willing to pay more to people with certificates, degrees, and other indicators that "signal" superior knowledge or ability
signaling theory
What were the two main types of labor unions during the industrial post-civil war period?
Craft(trade) union, Industrial union
the process of bringing in a neutral third person or persons to help settle a dispute
mediation
a system that keeps high wages for current workers, but has a lower wage for newly hired workers
two-tier wage system
What theory states that the bargaining strength of organized labor is a factor that helps to determine wages?
theory of negotiated wages
a year that serves as a comparison for all other years
base year
What is the difference between a boycott and lockout?
Boycott: a mass refusal to buy products from targeted employers or companies
Lockout: a refusal to let employees work until they agreed to management demands
an agreement between union and management to have a neutral third party collect facts about a dispute and present nonbinding recommendations
fact-finding
a guaranteed contract reserved for a targeted group
set-aside contract
a provision for resolving issues that may come up later
grievance procedure
What is the difference between a modified union shop and modified union shop?
union shop: workers do not have to belong to the union to be hired, but must join soon afterward and remain a member for as long as they keep their job
modified union shop: workers do not have to belong to a union to be hired and can't be made to join one to keep their jobs
- if join the union, must remain member for as long as they hold their jobs
What are unions organized , supported, or run by employers?
company union
What is the difference between semiskilled and skilled labor?
semiskilled labor: jobs that require enough mechanical skills to operate machines for which they need a minimum amount of training
skilled labor: workers with higher investments in education and training who operate complex equipment & perform most of their tasks with little supervision
What are TWO explanations for the lower pay of women?
1. differences in skills & experience that women bring to the labor market
2. uneven distribution of men and women among various occupations
3. Discrimination
What is the difference between real/constant dollars and current dollars?
current dollars: doesn't adjust for inflation
real/constant dollars: adjusted in a way that removes the distortion of inflation
What city had the first attempt to organize labor in America?
New York City (printers)