Development
Await and expect stimulation. Oversee general development in the brain's large areas. In absence of stimulation, synapse pruning occurs
What is experience expectant?
Nerve cells; store and transmit information
What are neurons?
Processing capacity of small computer in each neuron
Gray in color, called the brain’s gray matter
One-pound infant brain contains billions of neurons
Area where the child cannot solve a problem alone but can be successful under adult guidance or in collaboration with a more advance peer
What is the zone of proximal development?
In one the child fits new information into existing schemes and in the other the child alter existing schemes or create new ones in response to new information
What is assimilation v. accommodation?
This persons theory would be shown by a teacher saying "Learning is an active process is what learning is. I will help lead you toward higher thinking this year."
Who is Vygotsky?
Form in response to experiences. Stimulating environments, meaningful interactions likely support better brain development
What is experience dependent?
Neurons are often compared to this
What is an electrical wire? Because it transmits a signal from one place to another
Supporting learning with clues
What is scaffolding?
Do part of the problem with students
Object’s characteristics remain same despite changes in appearance
What is Conservation?
This debate is shown by Karn who heard her Swedish Aunt from the time she was a baby. Much later her sister was born after the aunt had died. Karn is more likely to pronounce native Swedish sounds than her sister.
What is Critical v. sensitive periods?
The three principals of development
What is
People develop at different rates
Development is relatively orderly
This is why brain development in adolescence explains their risk-taking & impulsivity
What is the Limbic system develops earlier than the prefrontal lobe? Limbic is involved with emotions, risk taking, pleasure seeking and prefrontal lobe is involved with judgment, decision making
Guides children thinking, moves them towards self regulation, and it is verbalized or whispered until age nine then it becomes inner thoughts used to gain self-control
What is private speech?
Assume others experience the world the way you do (your viewpoint is also their viewpoint)
What is egocentrism?
Thinking of metaphors for the current state of our government is an example of this type of thinking
What is formal operational?
The three questions that surround development
What is the source of development? Nature v. Nurture
What is the shape of development? Continuity v. discontinuity in development
What is the timing of development? Critical v. sensitive periods
When adolescents have excitement and passion but not the ability to fully think things through.
What is high horse power, low steering
Vygotsky believes this about learning
What is it is an active process, a tool in development, and does not need to wait for readiness?
What is it pulls development to higher levels, sets in motion developmental processes?
Problems with the stage model
Processes more gradual, continuous than they seem
Underestimated children’s abilities
Children's cognitive development CAN be accelerated with effective instruction
Overlooks effects of child's cultural and social group
What are limitations to Piaget's theory?
the structure of the brain can grow and change based on environmental input because the brain is
What is plastic?
The different types of development and examples of each
What is... Physical: Changes in the body structure/function over time
Cognitive: Gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex/sophisticated
Social: Changes over time in ways of relating to others
Personal: Changes in individual’s personality
These 4 factors interact to influence cognitive development
What are Maturation, Activity, Social transmission, and equilibration
Vygotsky believed this about education
What is it was for building higher mental functions rather than memorizing facts?
Piaget's four stages
Sensorimotor: Age 0 to 2 years
Act on the environment, learn object permanence
Learn through reflexes, senses, movement
Preoperational: Around age 2 to 7 years
Develop language, think logically in one direction
Concrete operational: Around age 6 or 7 to 11 years
Organizes into categories, series; can reverse operations
Formal operational: Adolescence to adulthood
This type of development involves changes in how an individual relates to others
What is Social?