Metabolism & Physiology
What is the body’s preferred energy source for the brain?
Glucose.
When energy availability is low, this system becomes less effective, increasing vulnerability to illness.
The immune system
What macronutrient is essential for stabilizing blood sugar between meals?
Carbohydrates.
What is the term for slowed digestion that commonly occurs during periods of inadequate intake?
Gastroparesis
Which mineral is essential for oxygen transport in the blood?
Iron.
What hormone typically rises when the body is underfed and drops when appropriately nourished?
Ghrelin.
Low energy availability increases the release of which stress hormone?
Cortisol.
What nutrient is primarily responsible for building and repairing tissues?
Protein.
What substance in the stomach helps break down food before it enters the small intestine?
Stomach acid (hydrochloric acid).
What vitamin deficiency is associated with neurological symptoms like numbness and tingling?
Vitamin B12 deficiency.
What metabolic process stores excess energy as glycogen in the liver and muscles when intake becomes adequate again?
Glycogenesis
What body system helps regulate energy levels, stress responses, and hormones?
The endocrine system.
What term describes nutrients the body cannot make and must obtain from food?
Essential nutrients.
What nerve plays a major role in regulating digestion and the gut-brain connection?
The vagus nerve.
Which electrolyte imbalance can occur with purging behaviors and affects heart rhythm?
Hypokalemia (low potassium).
What organ is responsible for regulating hunger and fullness signals?
The hypothalamus.
What is the term for the temporary rise in metabolic rate that occurs when adequate nutrition is restored?
Hypermetabolism.
What type of fiber feeds beneficial gut bacteria and supports digestive health?
Soluble/Prebiotic fiber.
What structural component of the small intestine can atrophy during prolonged restriction and require nourishment to regenerate?
Intestinal villi.
Which fat-soluble vitamin is necessary for calcium absorption and bone health?
Vitamin D.
What is the term for the body breaking down its own tissues (including muscle) for fuel during inadequate intake?
Catabolism.
Low energy availability reduces the body’s ability to maintain this energy-carrying molecule used by all cells.
ATP
Which organ is the major site of nutrient metabolism, detoxification, and storage?
The liver.
What organ releases enzymes that help digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?
The pancreas.
Which trace element deficiency can impair taste, smell, wound healing, and appetite regulation?
Zinc deficiency.