Learning
The attempt to understand observable
activity in terms of observable stimuli and responses
Behavior
Two primary factors that strengthen classical conditioning
1.Frequency of pairings
2.Timing
True or False: Attention is selective
True
The words that REM stands for
Rapid Eye Movement
Inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage
Forgetting
Observing the consequences of other's behavior, and basing your own behavior off those consequences
Vicarious Learning
A child washes their plate after dinner
--> Parent provides verbal praise --> Likelihood of washing dish increases
This is an example of...
Positive reinforcement
A specific cue is matched with long term memory
Recognition
A state of awareness characterized by divided attention to 2 or more tasks or activities performed at the same time.
Divided Consciousness
Impairs attention, reaction time, and motor coordination
Sleep Deprivation
The sudden feeling of insight when a new idea or solution appears unexpectedly
Insight Learning
(“Aha” Phenomenon)
A student always buys coffee from a café near campus. Each time she enters, the smell of freshly brewed coffee fills the air, making her feel instantly more awake and alert. After several weeks, she notices that just walking by the café, without even drinking coffee, makes her feel more awake.
Name the conditioned stimulus
Walking by the café
Information is still within long term memory, but cannot be recalled because the retrieval cue is absent
Retrieval Failure
A state of consciousness in which an individual becomes highly vulnerable to suggestion.
Hypnosis
Expansion of information and/or making associations
Elaboration (memory strategies)
Learning appears to occur in the absence of reinforcement
Latent Learning
The time between reinforcement is always the same
The reinforcement is based on the passage of time
Fixed interval schedule
The temporary inability to retrieve specific information
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
A state of heightened alertness in which one is fully absorbed in the task at hand
Focused awareness
Weakening of CR by associating feared stimulus with pleasant response
Counter-conditioning
Breaking down a complex task into more manageable steps that gradually build toward the final goal
Successive approximations
Behaviors that were followed by satisfactory consequences would be strengthened, while behaviors followed by unsatisfactory consequences would be weakened.
Law of effect
Compares the working memory to the actions of a computer
Information Processing Model
The 3 chemical substances that act on the brain and affect emotional & mental states
Stimulants
Depressants
Hallucinogens
The creator of the Skinner Box (Operant) and the creator of the Classical Conditioning dog demonstration
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov