Theories
Which threshold views students as less balanced bilinguals and fluent in one language?
The second threshold
The school district in Raymondville, Texas, was charged with violation of language minority students’ basic rights under the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974. In this case, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals formulated three criteria for evaluating programs serving LEP students.
Castañeda vs. Pickard (1981)
This dual language program serves emergent bilingual students
One way dual language
Infants that have been exposed to two languages since birth are called?
Simultaneous bilinguals
What is communicative competence?
The ability to use a language effectively and appropriately in social interactions with other speakers of the language.
Which threshold views students as balanced bilinguals and fluent in two languages?
The third threshold
A landmark decision holding that states cannot constitutionally deny students a free public education on account of their immigration status and that undocumented children and young adults have the same right to attend public primary and secondary schools as do U.S. citizens and permanent residents. There is no requirement for the school to request, or see, a copy of the birth certificate or passport for the school census
Plyler vs. Doe (1982)
This dual language program serves emergent bilingual students and monolingual students
Two way dual language
Children that have are exposed to a second language at a later age are called?
Sequential bilinguals
True or False:
In an additive language context, assimilation is prioritized over acculturation.
True
Additive contexts support acculturation, not assimilation. Assimilation is more common in subtractive contexts.
The development of two or more languages in a bilingual person move upward through three levels of bilingualism
A landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that outlawed racial segregation in public schools. The ruling overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896
Brown v. Board of Education
Transitional bilingual education programs can be?
(Additive, Subtractive or Both)
Both
In this family setup, each parent speaks their own language to the child from birth, even though they may speak one common language to each other. One of the languages is often the dominant one in the community.
Type 1: One - Parent One - Language Approach
This type of competence is crucial because it involves the ability to plan, execute, and evaluate one’s own communication strategies during interactions.
Strategic competence
This theory views students language development as two brains half full.
two language balloons theory
This class suit brought by non-English-speaking Chinese students against officials responsible for the operation of the San Francisco Unified School District seeks relief against the unequal educational opportunities, which are alleged to violate, inter alia, the Fourteenth Amendment. No specific remedy is urged upon us. Teaching English to the students of Chinese ancestry who do not speak the language is one choice. Giving instructions to this group in Chinese is another.
Lau vs. Nichols (1981)
ESL pull-out, sheltered English immersion and submersion are forms of models that practice acculturation.
(True or False)
False
In this type of bilingual exposure, language input varies and may come from parents, the neighborhood, or formal education. There's no consistent pattern, and both languages may be mixed in daily life.
Type 3: Mixed language
To represent language as a dynamic and socially embedded process, these two types of communicative competence must be viewed as interdependent and interactive.
organizational/pragmatic
This theory assumes that increasing a second language at an early age causes a decrease in the first language
Balance Theory
U.S. District Judge William Wayne Justice ordered bilingual instruction for grades K through 12 for all Mexican-American students in Texas with limited English proficiency, starting that “the state of Texas had not only segregated students in inferior “Mexican schools,” but had “vilified the language, culture, and heritage of these children with grievous results.”
U.S. vs. Texas (1981)
What is the goal of two-way dual language programs?
To become bilingual and biliterate
In this type of bilingual language development, the goal is to establish a solid foundation in the child’s first (heritage) language before introducing the second language, often delaying exposure to L2 until later childhood.
Type 4: Delayed introduction of the second language
Fishman’s model of diglossia and bilingualism has helped guide many valuable studies of this sociolinguistic phenomenon.
societal bilingualism