Ch. 8
List two factors that affect growth and health of a child
Hormones, sleep, nutrition, disease, injury
What increases in representational activity in early childhood
symbolic activity
What is it called when a child talks to ones self for self guidance
private speech
Fast-mapping
Name the 4 types of parenting styles and give an example of one
- Authoritative
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
- Uninvolved
Brain reaches __ % of adult weight by age 6
90%
What is pretend play with others that includes roles and storylines?
sociodramatic play
What is learning with guidance just beyond current ability called
Zone of proximal development
What is it called when the child understands the last number counted represented the total amount
cardinality
What is stage 1 of Kohlberg's stages of moral perspectives. Give brief definition for +100 points
Obedience and punishment: earliest stage, rules are fixed and absolute, obeying rules matter because it avoids punsihment
A child is considered obese when their BMI is > ___ percentile. Name one cause and risk of childhood obesity.
95th percentile
Causes: regularly eating high calorie, lack of exercise, too little sleep
Risks: High BP, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, asthman, sleep apnea, joint problems, fatty liver disease
What is the inability to see another person's perspective
egocentrism
Scaffolding
Give one example of supporting emergent literacy
- Provide a variety of books
- Encourage make belief play
- Read to children and discuss story
- Visit community places to see written language
- Point out letters and sounds
- Play rhyming games
- Model reading and writing
What is stage 2 of Kohlberg's stages of moral perspectives and give brief definition
Individualism & exchange: children began to account for individual points of view.
Choose 2 of the following parts of brain development and name their function
Cerebral cortex, synaptic pruning, cerebellum, reticular formation, hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum
- Cerebral Cortex: rapid synapse growth → executive functions.
- Synaptic Pruning: unused pathways fade; efficiency improves.
- Cerebellum: balance, coordination, and cognitive gains.
- Reticular Formation: attention and alertness.
- Hippocampus: memory & spatial learning.
- Amygdala: emotion & fear
- Corpus Callosum: integration of movement and thinking
Animism
What is the ability to reflect on your own thinking and understand that others think differently
Theory of Mind
What are the 2 strategies for supporting early language development and give example for each
- Recast: Child: "Him runned fast" Adult: "Yes, he ran fast"
- Expansion: Child: "Car go" Adult: "The car is going"
Name all 4 types of play and give definition of 1
Nonsocial: playing on own
Parallel: playing near but not interacting
Associative: playing separate but engaging with others
Cooperative: playing together with common goal
Fill in the blanks of body growth & skeletal maturity
- Growth slows to ___ inches and ___ pounds per year
- Baby fat ___
- About ___ new epiphyses form as cartilage hardens into bone
- First permanent tooth appears around __
- 2-3, 5
- declines
- 45
- 6.5
What is the understanding that quantity stays the same despite changes and appearance
conservation
What is the test used to measure the understanding of false beliefs
Sally-anne test
Definition of CDC:
A developmental disability involving differences in the ___ and ___.
And name on common feature of Autism
Social communication, Perspective-taking
- Challenges w/ communication and interaction
- Restricted or repetitive behaviors/interests
- Differences in learning, movement, or paying attention
Name all 9 self-understanding & gender development terms and briefly describe 2
Self concept: set of abilites, attributem attitudes, and values a child uses to define who they are
Self-Esteem: How we judge our own worth
Self-Regulation: ability to manage experiences & expression
Self- Conscious: sensitive to blame/praise. Look to adult to know how to feel
Empathy: Feeling what others feel
Sympathy: feeling concern or sorrow for others (doesn't share)
Gender-typing: Assosciation of objects/activites/roles/traits with gender
Gender-Identity: Masc or Fem
Gender-Constancy: Gender remains same