Instructional Strategies
This instructional approach requires positive interdependence, individual accountability, and structured collaboration among students.
What is cooperative learning?
This belief reflects a learner’s judgment about their ability to successfully perform a specific task or reach a specific goal.
What is self-efficacy?
A student completes an assignment because it will help them achieve a future goal, such as preparing for a career or improving a needed skill. This reflects this value component of EVT.
What is utility value?
A student sets a study goal, plans how much time to spend on each part of the task, and chooses strategies before beginning the assignment. This behavior reflects this phase of SRL.
What is the forethought phase?
This is the range of activities that a learner can complete with assistance to maximize development.
What is Zone of Proximal Development?
This teacher-directed method involves the teacher presenting information in a clear, organized way—often through lecture or demonstration.
What is expository instruction?
Students with these types of goals focus on developing understanding, using deep-processing strategies, and viewing errors as useful information.
What are mastery goals?
This type of value from EVT reflects the importance of a task to a student’s identity—such as when a student studies hard because doing well aligns with the kind of person they want to be.
What is attainment value?
After completing a project, a student evaluates what worked, analyzes why a strategy failed, and decides how to improve on the next assignment. This behavior reflects this SRL phase.
What is the self-reflection phase?
This component of memory is limited in capacity and lasts around 20 seconds.
What is working memory?
This instructional approach begins by identifying what teachers want students to know and be able to do, before choosing assessments and activities.
What is backward design?
A student avoids asking for help because they don’t want to look incompetent. This behavior is most associated with this goal orientation.
What are performance-avoidance goals?
A teacher uses a surprising demo, vivid story, or emotionally engaging example that immediately grabs students’ attention. This is an example of this type of interest.
What is situational interest?
This construct reflects a person’s general evaluation of themselves as a whole.
What is self-esteem?
This is the amount of information that a task imposes on the working memory.
What is cognitive load?
This instructional strategy requires teachers to proactively modify content, process, or products to accommodate learners’ varied readiness levels and interests.
What is differentiated instruction?
According to self-efficacy theory, observing a peer who initially struggles but improves over time provides this specific type of model, which can boost self-efficacy.
What is a coping model?
These are the three psychological needs, according to self-determination theory.
What are competence, relatedness, and autonomy needs?
This process involves teachers initially sharing responsibility for planning, monitoring, and strategy use with students before gradually releasing responsibility to them.
What is co-regulation?
This perspective explains learning as a change in behavior due to associations formed through reinforcement or punishment.
What is behaviorism?
Often described as “assessment for learning,” this type emphasizes feedback and ongoing checks for understanding rather than measuring final mastery.
What is formative assessment?
his phenomenon occurs when teachers’ expectations about students influence their behavior toward those students, causing the students to behave in ways that confirm the original expectations.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
When students set impossibly high goals, procrastinate, or deliberately reduce effort to protect their self-worth, they are engaging in this competence-related behavior.
What is self-handicapping?
These five personality traits are represented by the acronym OCEAN.
What are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism?
In Piaget’s theory, this state occurs when new information doesn’t fit existing schemas, creating cognitive discomfort that motivates learning.
What is disequilibrium?