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All Things Proficiency
First Language Acquisition
Second Language Acquisition
Methodologies
Potpourri
100
The words of a language
What is vocabulary?
100
This theory asserted that children learn language from being rewarded for correct language use and from being corrected for incorrect use.
What is Reinforcement Theory?
100
Perhaps the most important of Krashen's interrelated hypotheses, this one states that learners cannot acquire langue if they are bored, anxious, nervous, or otherwise uncomfortable, but if they are relaxed and engaged, students can acquire language. 
What is the Affective Filter Hypothesis?
100
With the goal of communicating in the target language, this umbrella methodology has been criticized for its overemphasis of fluency at the expense of accuracy.
What is Communicative Language Teaching?
100
This kind of second language acquisition motivation is when a learner wants to acquire a language for a specific purpose like getting a job or going to school. 
What is instrumental?
200
The rules of the structures of a language
What is grammar?
200
Different from learning, this is a natural process that occurs without conscious effort of any kind of direct teaching.
What is acquisition?
200
This theory states that learners need to be pushed to produce output that is just beyond their current ability, i.e., stretched language.
What is Swain's Comprehensible Ouput?
200
This method frequently employed translating texts and the rote memorization of vocabulary and grammar rules.
What is the Grammar-Translation Method?
200
Most second language learners achieve this state when certain or all aspects of their proficiency seem to stagnate or plateau. 
What is fossilization?
300
Proficiency can be defined as the the degree of this with which a person can use a language, such as how well he/she can speak, read, write, or understand a language.
What is skill?
300
This theory states that grammar is a finite set of rules that allow for the production of an infinite number of sentences. 
What is generative grammar?
300
When L1 acquisition and learning facilitates L2 acquisition.
What is positive cross-linguistic influence?
300
Knowing when and how to say what to whom
What is communicative competence?
300
The complex language of school that occurs in all content areas and becomes more specialized as levels increase, CALP, stands for this.
What is Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency?
400
This component of proficiency deals with using a language without hesitation or difficulty.
What is fluency?
400
This theory states that children have an innate capacity for language and are born with implicit knowledge of how languages function. As they interact with the language(s) that surround them, they subconsciously set parameters for that/those language(s).
What is Universal Grammar?
400
In Long's Interaction Hypothesis, learners receive comprehensible input through this process in which speakers make conversational adjustments so they are understood. 
What is negotiation of meaning?
400
In this methodology, the teacher gives commands and students follow. While this methodology succeeds in lowering the affective filter, it is quite limited in the scope of advanced vocabulary or other language skills.
What is Total Physical Response?
400
Lev Vygotsky stated that scaffolded learning can occur in the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) when a novice is led by this person. 
Who is a more knowledgable other?
500
The purposes for which language is used.
What are tasks and functions?
500
Building off of Chomsky's theories, this theory states that children do have an innate ability, but it is to subconsciously invent rules that allow them to understand and produce language. Accepted by most linguists, the theory also states that there are exceptions to the rules which children must learn, and they must be exposed to more advanced language to improve their proficiency. 
What is Active Construction of a Grammar Theory?
500
In addition to the Learning/Acquisition Hypothesis, the Affective Filter Hypothesis, and the Natural Order Hypothesis, these are the other two interrelated hypotheses that make up Krashen's theory of second language acquisition. 
What are the Input Hypothesis and the Monitor Hypothesis?
500
Using lots of realia, student-run Q and A, and inductive grammar instruction, this methodology holds the goals of thinking in the target language and never translating.
What is the Direct Method?
500
Cummins designed a language quadrant that described activities in terms of language demands and contextual support. He suggested that most of the time our activities should be these two things. 
What are cognitive demanding and context-embedded?