Foundational Skills
What is it called when students who get a slow start in reading improve at a slower pace than those who get a quicker start?
The Matthew Effect
What is the smallest single identifiable sound?
phoneme
What is the ability to read a text accurately, quickly, and with expression?
fluency
What percentage accuracy for independent reading level?
95% or above
What is the smallest part of written language that represents a phoneme?
grapheme
What principle is it that says that letters represent speech sounds so that what we say can be written down and read?
Alphabetic principle
What is it called when there are two letters making one sound like sh, ch, ph?
digraph
What can teachers do to build students' fluency?
have students re-read a passage
What percentage accuracy for instructional reading level?
90-95%
What is the initial consonant sound of a syllable?
onset
What is the understanding that there is a predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes (the relationship between the sounds of language and the letters used to represent those sounds)?
Phonics
What is the vowel sound of any unaccented syllable in English, such as away and again?
schwa
improve word recognition, improve speed, improve reading comprehension
What is quantitative text complexity?
readability and scores measured by computer software like Lexile level
What is the first vowel sound and any others that follow it in a syllable?
rime
What is the ability to notice, reflect on, and play with sounds of spoken words (e.g. make rhymes, clap syllables, identify words that begin the same way)?
phonological awareness
What is it called when students split up a word into its individual phonemes in order to spell it?
segment
What is the simple view of reading?
word recognition x language comprehension = reading comprehension
What is qualitative text complexity?
levels of meaning, structure, language conventionality and clarity, and knowledge demands
What is a word part that contains a vowel or vowel sound?
syllable
What is the ability to notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds in spoken words?
phonemic awareness
What is the ability to understand what is read?
comprehension
What are some characteristics and strengths of students with dyslexia?
difficulties with fluency, word recognition, spelling and decoding
global, big picture abilities such as context and gist
What are reader/task considerations?
background knowledge of reader, motivation, interests, complexity generated by the tasks assigned
What is the understanding about how print works -- words are read from left to right, printed words represent spoken words etc.