Early Access to Higher Education
He became the first African American to earn a college degree in 1823.
Who is Alexander Lucius Twilight?
What does HBCU stand for?
This 1862 Act gave 30,000 acres to each state for public higher education.
What is the Morrill Land Grant Act?
This 1954 case struck down “separate but equal” in education.
What is Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?
This U.S. president first used the term “affirmative action” in 1961.
Who is John F. Kennedy?
This Ohio institution was the first college to admit African Americans.
What is Oberlin College?
This Pennsylvania institution, originally called Ashmun, became the first degree-granting HBCU.
What is Lincoln University?
Historians describe the persistence of segregated funding and white oversight in HBCUs as an example of this concept, where Black advancement aligns with white interests.
What is interest convergence?
The Civil Rights Act of this year finally brought desegregation to higher education.
What is 1964?
Harper et al. (2009) noted that new opportunities at predominantly white institutions had this negative effect on HBCUs.
What is declining enrollment/resources at HBCUs?
She became the first African American woman to graduate from college.
Who is Mary Jane Patterson?
Founded in 1856, this university followed Lincoln by two years.
What is Wilberforce University?
This Mississippi institution became the first Black land-grant college in 1872.
What is Alcorn College (now Alcorn State University)?
This 1978 case ruled racial quotas unconstitutional but allowed race as a “plus factor.”
What is Regents of the University of California v. Bakke?
Decided the same day as Grutter v. Bollinger in 2003, this case struck down Michigan’s undergraduate point system for race.
What is Gratz v. Bollinger?
After the Civil War, out of 4 million formerly enslaved people, how many held a college degree?
What is 28?
What president and executive order established financial support for HBCUs?
Reagan's Executive Order 12320
The disparity in state appropriations for Black vs. white land-grant institutions is now estimated to amount to this much in unpaid funding.
What is over $2 billion?
This 2003 case upheld the University of Michigan Law School’s admissions policy because it used race holistically.
What is Grutter v. Bollinger?
Affirmative action was originally designed to remedy this long-standing exclusion.
What is racial discrimination in education and employment?
This Vermont institution awarded Twilight his degree.
What is Middlebury College?
According to Harper et al. (2009), the curriculum taught at HBCUs reflected what cultural values?
What are white, European, Westernized values?
White land-grant schools received this many times more funding than Black schools.
What is 26x more?
In 2023, the Supreme Court struck down race-conscious admissions entirely in these two cases.
What are Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard and Students for Fair Admissions v. UNC?
Interest convergence explains why white elites supported HBCUs and vocational training. What was their motivation?
What is maintaining control of curriculum and keeping Blacks out of white institutions?