Week 1
Name the four main domains of human development
Physical - cognitive - social - emotional
Which theory is Bronfenbrenner associated with?
Bioecological
The earliest sense to develop is
Touch
What does ZPD stand for?
zone of proximal development
Lebron is in his 40s (middle adulthood). Which crisis is he most likely gonna face?
Generativity v Stagnation
Which perspective focuses on the influence of trauma on development?
Adversity Perspective
What's the difference between a genotype and a phenotype? (genetics)
Geno = set of genes that it carries
Pheno = all of its observable characteristics
What is the function of the Broca's area and the Wernicke's area?
>Broca: language production
>Wernicke's: Language
comprehension
What are the three main perspectives used to study human development?
Lifespan Perspective
Adversity Perspective
Cultural Developmental Perspective
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
the gap/distance between what a person is able to do alone and what a person can achieve with help from more skilled others (Arnett et al., 2023, p.186 - 187)
What is a teratogen? Name one example of it
an environmental agent such as drug, chemical, virus or other factor that produces a birth defect.
Alcohol, smoking, vaping, drugs, work, exposure to hazardous chemicals/ infectious diseases, severe maternal stress, pollution
What is habituation and how is it measured?
gradual decrease in attention to stimulus (after repeated exposure)
the change in time spent fixating on the stimulus over repetitions
Name the four main influences on human development
History graded influences + Socio-cultural influences + Age-grade influences + Non-normative influences
Explain the main ideas of Erikson's psychosocial theory
>Each stage of development has a unique developmental task or crisis that has to be resolved.
>Crises or challenges must be resolved at each stage in order for optimum development and progress to occur.
Name one feature of the Te Ao Māori birthing process
Babies should have safe passage into the world
The first breath is a physical transformation of
Atua (spiritual deity
Whānau presence at birth – reaffirms whakapapa
Afterbirth is stored and then returned to their turanga waewae, binding the child to the land, protecting baby’s tapu and mana. (Eruera & Ruwhiu, 2015)
What is the behaviourist perspective on language development?
Nurture/environment
-Language is a learned skill.
-Through process of reinforcement
and shaping language becomes
more adult-like
Explain why using a cultural developmental perspective is important when studying human development (Why can't we just rely on a lifespan/adversity perspective
>Humans always develop within a culture
>We need to study development in diverse cultures
>Cultures are changing rapidly and cultural identity is becoming more complex
What is operant conditioning and give an example
Behaviour that is reinforced tends to be repeated
Eg - rat in a box with lever
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, and extinction.
List the five subtests that the Apgar Scale measures
–Appearance (colour)
–Pulse (heart rate)
–Grimace (reflex irritability)
–Activity (muscle tone)
–Respiration (breathing)
Name one criticism from the Hart & Risely (1995) study [Language development -vocab of toddlers]
Cultural bias
Impact of having a white researcher
Takes attention away from important factors around the deeper issues
caused by inequity and poverty.