Education Reforms

A

1

What was the political reason why education vouchers became a thing towards the tail-end of Noynoy Aquino's presidency?

Criticisms to the 2 extra years because of the K+12 Law

2

Define Rival Consumption using both the basic and technical/economic definition

It means that if a good is used by one person, it cannot be used by another person.

The Marginal Cost for the next person who wants to consume the same good is greater than zero.

3

Why did the DepEd budget experience a significant increase from 2024 to 2025?

Flood Control Scandal

4

What is the biggest contributor to GDP growth that increases whenever we invest in better education outcomes?

Technological Progress

5

What is the impact of the proposal to expand GASTPE to Kinder and Grade School to private schools and public schools?

For private schools, they earn more profits from additional students. For public schools, they become decongested making education outcomes relatively better ceteris paribus.

6

Why should government provide public goods?

Without government, there will be an undersupply of the public good.

B

1

What is the rationale as to why government should pay for private goods?

Distribution/Equity Considerations

2

What is the supreme court ruling that made LGU budgets higher and why is this a missed opportunity for decentralization/devolution of education?

Mandanas-Garcia Ruling. LGUs have more money but since education is not devolved, it's not their priority.

3

What is the name of one of the leaders of the coalition pushing for education voucher expansion in the Philippines. How is he related in past reforms we discussed in class?

Vic Limlingan. He was the CAB Member in the Tuna Story (Aviation).

4

Why is Food considered a private good?

It's both rival and excludable.

5

What is the name of the coalition who pushed for the expansion of the Education Vouchers to Kinder and Grade School? 

Student First Coalition

6

What is Project Bukas?

A project by DepEd allowing people to get access to multilple education-related data

C

1

Who is the organization behind the proposal to devolve education?

EDCOM2/The Asia Foundation

2

Cite three strategies of the coalition who pushed for education voucher expansion and how they won in the Legis Branch to pass the law.

1. Approach private schools, 2. Approach parents, 3. Approach multi-partisan senators.

3

Give an example of a Publicly-Provided Private Good. Why is it considered publicly-provided? Why is it considered private?

Nutribun/Feeding Programs. It's publicly-provided because government pays for it. It's private because it's rival and excludable.

4

Explain how education can become a rival good

The Marginal Cost of an extra student to get education is not zero. It's equal to the tuition fee.

5

What Development Economics Theory can we relate to the proposal to expand education vouchers and why?

The Lewis Model. It's like transferring zero marginal benefit students from the Public Sector to the Private Sector to improve outcomes in both.

6

According to Prof. Edita Tan, is Tertiary Education more of a Public or Private Good? Why?

Private Goods especially when college graduates go abroad. The increase in income is enjoyed solely by the student.

D

1

Who are the two speakers in the upcoming NBEC of UST EcoSoc related to our Education Lecture? (No name needed, just their affiliation)

Project Bukas and Student First Coalition

2

Give an example of a Public Good and explain why it is considered a Public Good.

National Defense. It's both non-rival and non-excludable.

3

What law is the reason why health is devolved and education is not?

Local Government Code

4

Explain why without education, there is Intergenerational Cycle of Poverty.

Poor people would rather send their kids to work than to school. The opportunity cost of studying is child labor.

5

What is the problem when government simply provides private goods for free?

There will likely be an overconsumption of the good.

6

Why did the CHED budget experience a significant boost since 2018?

Passage of the Free Tuition Law

E

1

According to Prof. Edita Tan, is Basic Education more of a Public or Private Good? Why?

Public Good. It has spillover effects such as lower crime rates, better voting decisions, etc.

2

What policy proposal of Advocates of Inclusion was adopted as actual policy in our reform story?

Amendments to the National School Building Inventory to include Accessibility Facilities in the checklist

3

What assesses the knowledge, skills and attitudes of 15-year-old students globally? (Full name. Acronym = 0.5 recit points only)

Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)

4

Define Excludability and tell me what becomes possible if a good possesses this characteristic?

Property wherein individuals can be excluded from enjoying a good. This makes the price system possible.

5

What was the first and second strategy of Advocates of Inclusion for students with disabilities? How did they fail?

Strat 1: Modify the Budget/GAA, Strat 2: Amend the Department Order of DepEd to include accessibility features. 1 failed because incentives for DepEd to follow. 2 failed because of a laptop issue that made their DepEd contact resign from his post making them lose their lead.

6

Explain how education can become excludable.

The school can stop you from entering the premises if you didn't pay tuition.