The Civil War Begins
In __________, the Supreme Court ruled that African Americans had no rights under the constitution, and that states could not legally ban slavery.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
The bloodiest battle of the Civil War, from which Robert E. Lee's army never recovered.
Gettysburg
The federal agency set up to support former slaves after the Civil War was called the ____________.
Freedman's Bureau
The belief that the United States had a God-given right and duty to expand over the entire North American continent.
Manifest Destiny
Founder of Standard Oil and one of the richest people in history.
John D. Rockefeller
The ______ Party formed during the 1850s primarily in opposition to slavery, and nominated Abraham Lincoln for president.
Republican
Lincoln restricted civil liberties during the Civil War by ___________.
Suspending habeas corpus, declaring martial law, censoring newspapers, jailing dissenters.
Lincoln's vice president, who was hostile to black rights and took a lenient approach to the South after the Civil War.
Andrew Johnson
Started during the Civil War and constructed largely by immigrant labor, this helped to open the West to large-scale settlement and exploitation.
Transcontinental Railroad
Labor organization led by Samuel Gompers that took a moderate approach and focused on "bread and butter" issues rather than radical social or economic change.
The American Federation of Labor
This book was credited with raising Northern sympathy for the plight of slaves, though its name would later have a derogatory connotation
Uncle Tom's Cabin
The Battle of Atlanta was a critical turning point in the Civil War because _____________.
It gave Lincoln's political support and allowed him to win the election of 1864.
Extended citizenship to anyone born in the United States, and required equal protection of the law and due process for all, regardless of race.
The 14th Amendment
Awarded 160 acres of western land to anyone willing to settle on that land and farm it for five years.
The Homestead Act
Andrew Carnegie's idea that the very wealthy should be allowed to amass large fortunes, because they would use that wealth in society's interest.
The Gospel of Wealth
"Free-Soilers" opposed the expansion of slavery because ______________.
They thought that it threatened the opportunities for free white settlers in the West.
Confederate territory still in rebellion; not in border states or in Confederate territory already retaken by Union forces.
The difference between "black codes" and "Jim Crow" laws was that ____________________.
Black Codes were explicitly about restricting the rights of African Americans before the 14th Amendment rendered this unconstitutional, while the Jim Crow laws used legal fictions (such as "separate but equal") to thinly disguise their discriminatory intent.
Intended to "kill the Indian and save the man" by eliminating tribal ownership of land.
Populists supported abandoning the gold standard because ____________.
it would cause inflation, lowering the value of debts and benefiting small debtors at the expense of large banks.
The "Slave Power" was _______________.
The small cadre of slave-holding elites believed by Northerners to have disproportionate power, or outright control, of the federal government before the Civil War.
Ulysses S. Grant succeeded where previous Union generals had failed because of his willingness to ________________.
Use scorched-earth tactics and "total war;" sustain massive casualties.
In the Compromise of 1877, Republicans agreed to ____________ in exchange for _______________.
end Reconstruction and withdraw federal troops from the South; Rutherford B. Hayes being awarded the presidency despite it being unclear whether he'd actually won the election.
Idea that held that the existence of cheap and unsettled land played a key role in making American society more democratic; the frontier helped create the American spirit of democracy and egalitarianism, acted as a safety valve for Americans to escape bad economic conditions, and stimulated nationalism and individualism.
Frederick Jackson Turner's "Frontier Thesis"
Intended to prevent monopolies from becoming too powerful, but vague wording and inconsistent enforcement meant that it was more often used to suppress labor unions.
Sherman Antitrust Act