Alphabet and Sounds
Phoneme
Understanding how print works
Concepts of print
Unstressed /uh/ sound in a word like “banana”.
Schwa
A word that doesn’t follow normal decoding rules, like “to”.
Irregular Word
Two letters that make one sound, like “sh” or “ch”.
Digraph
Using all letter-sound knowledge to decode unfamiliar words.
Reading comprehension = decoding x language comprehension
Simple View of Reading
A vowel sound changed by an “r” (ar, er, ir, or, ur).
R-controlled vowel
A word you recognize instantly without decoding.
Sight word
Two or more consonants in a row where each sound is heard, like ”st” in ”stick”.
Blend
Storing written words in long-term memory for instant recognition.
Orthographic mapping
Decoding is strong but the student can’t answer comprehension questions. What should be prioritized?
Language
A sounds made by partially blocking airflow, like /f/, /s/, /sh/.
What is it called when you store words in memory?
Orthographic Mapping
Understanding letter-sound relationships to read/write words.
Phonics
Matching each spoken word to one written word.
One-to-one correspondence
A consonant that flows smoothly like a vowel (/l/,/r/).
Liquid
Which phase is recognizing a few high-frequency words but still sounding out new words?
Full-alphabetic phase
What is a grapheme?
The written representation of a phoneme
A student recognizes “the” and “and but still sounds out new words (/c/ /a/ /t/). Which phase is this?
Full alphabetic phase
A child points and holds a book upside down. What should you focus on?
Concepts about print
Combines a stop + fricative sound (/ch/, /j/).
Affricate
Examples of irregular words: to, said, ____ ?
For