Introduction
What book did Darwin write?
On the Origin of Species.
What is a phylogenetic tree?
A visual representation of the relationship between species, taxa, individuals, populations
What is the difference between homozygote and heterozygote?
Homozygote: individual with same alleles for a locus (RR or rr)
Heterozygote: individuals with different alleles for a locus (Rr)
Instead of writing alleles as upper-case and lower-case (ex. A vs a), how does Professor Smith want us to write alleles?
Number them. Ex. A1 vs A2
Why is inbreeding in a population bad?
The fitness of population is reduced and there is increased homozygosity of deleterious alleles.
What is incorrect about the March of Progress?
March of Progress implies a progressive, linear process. In reality, it is more of a branching process.
Squirrel and mice populations both developed darker fur in order to better camouflage to their darker, polluted environment. Is the development of darker fur a homologous trait or analogous trait?
Analogous trait!
True or False: The Law of Independent Assortment is when every individual has two gene copies at a locus and these copies segregate during gamete production so only one goes into a gamete.
False. The law of independent assortment is when the allele passed for one trait is independent of the allele for another trait at another locus for the gamete.
What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?
Monozygotic: genetically identical
Dizygotic: Differ in combination of alleles.
What is genetic drift?
The process of random fluctuation in allele frequencies due to sampling effects.
What is Lamarckian evolution?
An organism acquires traits during its lifetime that can be passed onto its offspring.
What is the difference between node and tip of a tree?
Node: hypothetical common ancestor
Tip: specific species we are studying
Which gene region is encoded into proteins, introns or exons?
Exons!
Draw the graph with generations on x-axis and frequencies on y-axis that shows that heterozygotes is favored.
On Board!
Fill in the blank:
For positive frequency dependence, as the trait increases in the population, the positive influence ______?
Increases
What is one of the things that Darwin got wrong/did not know?
1) Inheritance and origin of variation
2) Mass extinctions
3) Structural and functional constraints
What is the difference between ancestral trait and derived trait?
Ancestral: Trait in ancestral population that unless lost will be inherited
Derived: Trait that has changed state from true ancestral form.
What is the term for physical exchange of segments of homologous chromosomes during meiosis called?
Crossing over
What is the term which the condition where multiple alleles are present in the population?
Balanced Polymorphism
True or False: The effective population size is the number of individuals in an ideal population (where every individual reproduces, no migration/mutation where genetic drift is same as it is in actual population.
True!
What is the difference between a gene and an allele?
Gene: stretch of DNA/RNA that determines a certain trait
Allele: a variant form of a gene
Draw this tree:
A is more closely related to B than to C
C is more closely related to D than to A
C is more closely related to A than to E
On Board!
What is an example of a codominant disease that we learned about in class?
Sickle cell disease.
What are 3/5 assumptions of Hardy Weinberg?
1) No natural selection
2) No mate preference
3) No mutation
4) No migration
5) Population size is infinite
During mutation selection balance, the rate at which bad alleles are being eliminated by selection is equal to the rat at which...?
They are being created by mutation