Reading Assessments and Phonological and Phonemic Awareness
What are Individualized Education Program (IEP) or Section 504 Plan?
Teachers should follow these for children with disabilities/learning difference or students who need modification and adjustments to fit their disability/learning difference.
An important factor of learning Concepts About Print is “Environmental Print”- what does this term refer to?
“Environmental print refers to printed messages that people encounter in ordinary, daily living. This includes milk cartons, bumper stickers, candy wrappers, toy boxes, cereal boxes, billboards, menus, and T-shirts”
A factor that disrupts fluency that results in the reader slowing down to reread or stop in frustration over a certain topic.
What is the lack of background knowledge?
What are the three levels of comprehension skills?
Literal comprehension, Inferential comprehension, and evaluative comprehension.
This tool can be used to assess which students monitor their reading, reread what they don’t understand, and are able to implement other reading strategies
What are Think-alouds
Briefly describe 3 tasks related to teaching phonemic awareness and provide explicit examples for each task.
(1) Sound isolation: tell which sound occurs at the beginning, middle, or end of the word.
For example, the teacher says the word bike, and then asks students to say the beginning sound /b/.
(2) Sound identity: sets of words that all share the same beginning, middle, or ending sounds, but no other shared sounds.
For example, the teacher says three words like, low, lab, and asks students to say the same sound in these words /l/.
(3) Sound blending: the teacher says the sounds with brief pauses in between each sound, then students guess the word.
For example, the teacher says the sounds of the word /c/, /a/, /t/, then students say the answer cat.
(4) Sound substitution: the teacher asks students to substitute one sound for another.
For example, the teacher says cat, and asks students to substitute the /b/ sound for the /k/ sound, and then students will answer bat.
(5) Sound deletion: delete one sound of a word to generate a new word.
For example, the teacher provides a word off, taking away the f to get of.
(6) Sound segmentation: isolate and identify the sounds in a spoken word.
For example, the teacher says a word up and then slowly says the sounds in the word /u/ /p/.
Which three sensory modalities can you use to help students learn to spell high-frequency words?
Visual (Use of color), auditory, tactile
The three (3) indicators of fluent reading.
What is accuracy, rate, and prosody?
what do students need to comprehend a text?
meaning vocabulary, academic knowledge, and background knowledge
For young students, going through a book to have students see their illustrations before reading the book is?
What is a picture walk
A time when everyone in the classroom reads silently
What is sustained silent reading SSR
When assessing command of phonics and sight words, what is the difference between asking students to ‘Decode in Isolation’ and ‘Decode in Context’?
-Decoding in isolation is when students are asked to read aloud a list of words. This can give the teacher a sense of the student’s ability to determine, for example, the correct vowel sound in the middle of a word. The list could include real and nonsense words: ex: mat, map, dad, fan, pan, bad
-Decoding in context is when students are asked to read aloud from a text (story or informational article). The teacher keeps track of the student’s miscues, looking for words that are misidentified and especially sound-symbol patterns that are missed repeatedly.
The tactic of having a student read a text four or five times to improve fluency.
What is Repeated Reading?
What are the 5 common expository text structures?
1) Cause and effect. 2) Problem and solution. 3) Comparison/contrast. 4) Sequence. 5) Description.
What are some assessments that teachers can use to assess comprehension of literary texts and literary response skills?
student read and teacher read-aloud, oral and written, and free and focused)
A small group of students are assigned by the teacher to read the same book
What is a book club
What are the foundational skills that help with automaticity in reading fluency?
Word analysis, phonemic awareness, and sight word recognition
Rimes, blends, digraphs, diphthongs, prefixes, suffixes, common root words.
What are orthographic patterns
What are the two (our of 4) types of contextual clues that students can use to help them figure out the meaning of unknown words?
Definition clue: author provides definition for target word in the text
Synonym clue: another word in the paragraph is a synonym for the target word
Antonym clue: another word in the paragraph is an antonym for the target word
Example clue: author provided a definition of the target word by listing examples
These are texts that transmit information, such as textbooks, encyclopedias, and dictionaries
What are expository texts?
What is Frustrating Reading Level?
Books that cannot be read and understood by the child even with the help of the teacher.
What are “Morphological clues” and how are they used in reading?
Children use morphological cues to identify words when they rely on root words, prefixes, and suffixes.
This is the preferred method of spelling assessment, rather than traditional spelling tests
What is student writing (or journaling)?
What is 1 component of vocabulary instruction?
4 components: 1.direct instruction of specific words, 2.teaching students independent word-learning strategies, 3.developing word consciousness, and 4.encouraging wide reading
How can teachers meet the needs of struggling readers with expository/informational texts?
Assist the students with reading textbooks, focus on key vocabulary, more scaffolding on key processes, and vocabulary instruction with real objects, illustrations, and diagrams