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lecture 1 (SPECIES IN LAND PLANTS)
phylogeny of plants
5 seedLESS plant divisions (-phyta)
5 SEED producing plant divisions
Life cycle of plants!
100
What species are nonvascular, seedless plants?
Liverworts, mosses, hornworts they have protected embryos only mosses and hornworts have STOMATA REPRODUCE BY SPORES
100
What species are in the plante?
glaucophytes and red algae they have chloroplasts that they obtained through PRIMARY ENDOSYMBIOSIS
100
What are the hepatophyta?
LIVERWORTS no stomata!!! approx 9,000 species wont really be discussing this in class
100
what is Cycadophyta?
GYMNOSPERMS!! naked seed plant (no flowers, seeds not protected within ovary or fruit) seeds borne in cones cycads genera 11 species 300
100
What are the two ways most land plants can reproduce?
1. vegetatively ASEXUAL reproduction; MITosis 2. sexually SEXUAL reproduction; MEIosis and fertilization
200
What species are vascular, seedless plants?
Lycophytes, horsetails, whisk ferns, leptosporangite ferns they have a xylem and phloem reproduce by SPORES persistantly green sporophyte trachieds (vascular cells) branching independent sporophyte true roots LYCOPHYTES (club mosses and relatives): microphylls HORSETAILS, WHISK FERNS, LEPTOSPORANGIATE FERNS: megaphylls, overtopping growth form
200
What plants in "green plants"?
chlorophytes (most green algae) and other green algae they have chlorophyll b use starch as storage
200
What is anthocerophyta?
HORNWORTS! approx 100 species wont be main focus in class
200
What is ginkgophyta?
GYMNOSPERM seeds borne in fleshy ovules ginko biloba genus 1 species 1
200
What happens in angiosperms?
SEXUAL: meiosis occurs within flowers - spores produced - develop into male and female gametophyte - matures to sperm and egg - fertilization forms a zygote - embryo (inside seed) - germination - diploid seedling mitosis to get back to flower ASEXUAL: roots grow laterally and start growing another plant from root mitosis
300
What are the non flower, seed producing species?
gymnosperm produce seed in cones
300
What plants are "streptophytes"?
coleochaetales (green algae) and charales (green algae) retention of egg in the parental organism branched apical growth plasmodesmata similarities of peroxisomes mitosis cytokinesis chloroplast structure
300
What are the bryophyta?
mosses approx 15K species
300
What is gneptophyta?
GYMNOSPERM only gemnosperms with vessels (water conducting cell) seeds borne in fleshy ovules mormon tea genera 3 species 90
300
What are the two processes that are essential for sexual reproduction to occur?
MEIOSIS ploidy has been HALVED recombination generates novel combinations of genes in each of 4 daughter cells 2n->n SYNGAMY ploidy is doubled ------fertilization------ n->2n
400
What are the flowering, seed producing species?
flowering plants (angiosperms??) they have flowers, carpels, triploid endosperm flowers turn into fruit; fruit contains seeds
400
What are in "land plants"?
embryophytes embryo cuticle multicellular sporophyte gametangia thick walled spores
400
What are the lycophyta?
spike and club mosses approx 1.2K species not a main focus in class
400
What is coniferophyta?
GYMNOSPERM seeds borne in female cones pollen produced in male cones genera 50 species 700
400
what happens in mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase DIPLOID-DIPLOID dna replication followed by one cell division
500
What type of association do plants have with fungus?
A mutualistic association fungus colonizes their roots and promotes nutrient uptake from soil
500
DO AFTER PLANT DIVISION COLUMN From least to most abundant in diversity, list the five seedless plant divisions
anthocerophyta (hornworts)-100 lycophyta (spike and club mosses)-1,200 hepatophyta (liverworts)-9,000 monilophyta(horsetails, whisk ferns, ferns-12,000 bryophyta(mosses)-15,000
500
What is monilophyta?
horsetail, whisk ferns, ferns vascular, seedless plants with megaphylls, overtopping growth form approx 12k species
500
What is anthophyta?
NOTE NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH ANTHOCEROPHYTA (hornworts) ANGIOSPERM!!: seed enclosed within protectice ovary wall produce spores in part of the life cycle leading up to pollen production and seed development 2 classes: 1. monocotyldonae (monocots)- species 65K 2. Dicotolydonae (dicots)- species >170K
500
What happens in meiosis?
meiosis 1 (prophase 1 (chiasma- crossing over, tetrad), metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1) meiosis 2 DIPLOID-HAPLOID dna replication followed by 2 cell divisions ---4 daughter cells