nervous system
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system
Central Nervous system and Peripheral Nervous system
Define the term hematopoesis
The creation of red blood cells
Is blood in the right ventricle oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Produces insulin to aid in the control of blood sugar
Pancreas
The type of muscle tissue that could be found around an artery causing the blood vessel to constrict would be..
smooth muscle
Blood in the coronary arteries is on its way to the ____________________________.
heart
What structure divides the left and right sides of the heart?
septum
What is the function of melatonin?
involved in regulating sleep cycles (circadian rhythms).
The muscle tissue primarily making up your biceps muscle that attaches your forearm to your shoulder would be considered which type of muscle?
skeletal muscle
A typical neuron has a resting membrane potential of about
-70 mV
The type of blood vessel where blood is moving away from the heart and is generally oxygenated.
artery
What is the largest blood vessel?
aorta
What is the function of anti-diruretic hormone?
tells the body to conserve water by decreasing urine production.
Besides movement, identify another funciton of the muscular system
maintain body temperature
How are the terms action potential and resting potential related?
The resting potential is the set up for an impulse where there is a separation of charge across the membrane (polarization). The action potential is the actual impulse which moves in a wave-like manner down as charges reverse themselves (depolarization)
What is the function of valves in the veins and heart?
The presence of valves in the heart and veins keeps blood from moving backward through the circulatory system, or keeps blood moving in one direction.
What is the difference between systole and diastole
What is the funciton of calcitonin?
lowers blood calcium levels as it causes some bone cells to store calcium inside the matrix of bones.
What is the name of the contractile organelle of muscle cells?
Myofibril
Name the membrane protein that uses a lot of glucose to establish the resting potential. Describe how it works.
Why are the ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus, and foramen ovale present in the fetal circulatory system, but not shortly after birth?
These structures are present in the fetus because the liver and lungs are inactive. Thus, the fetus receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother via the placenta (where the fetus’ waste produces are also removed). The placenta is connected to the baby by the umbilical cord. This is the role of the ductus venosus—it is the temporary shunt that allows for circulation to the umbilical cord. The other structures circumvent the lungs and liver. At the moment of the first breath, these structures begin to disappear and the fetal circulatory system progressively assumes the normal pathway.
These tiny blood vessels are where the exchange of oxygen and nutrients take place for wastes that are taken from the cells.
capillaries
What does it mean if hormones are antagonistic? Give an example.
Antagonistic hormones have the opposite effect of each other. For example, calcitonin, secreted by the thyroid gland, lowers blood calcium levels by causing calcium to move into bones, strengthening them. Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by telling osteoclasts to dissolve existing bone.
Describe how calcium ions are related to muscle contraction at the sarcomere. Describe the sliding filament model in your answer.
When the action potential moves through the muscle fiber and down the transverse tubules, calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The calcium ions lift tropomyosin off of actin, exposing the binding site. Once exposed, myosin heads bind to the actin and pull the two ends of the sarcomere toward each other.