The Art of Study Design
This study design is the gold standard, it includes an intervention, and participants are randomized to either the control arm, or the intervention arm
What is a Randomized Controlled Trial?
This is a complete enumeration of every living being within the United States of America, every 10 years
What is the U.S. Census?
This variable is associated with both the cause and effect and causes a spurious relationship to be evident between the two.
What is a confounding variable?
Elements of informed consent include information on Subject selection criteria, describing how subjects were chosen.
True or false
What is True?
A statistical measure used to determine the likelihood that an observed outcome is the result of chance.
What is a P value?
This study design follows a group of people forward in time, and watches the natural progression of the variable of interest.
What is a prospective cohort study?
This type non probability sampling uses ads in a paper and asks participants to respond.
What is voluntary sampling?
The extent that a study can be applied to settings outside of its own study.
What is generalizability or external validity?
Elements of informed consent include information about potential risks and discomforts.
True or false
What is true?
The probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis, or 1 - β
or 1 - Type II error probability
What is Power?
This study design includes an intervention, and a cohort of patients is given a pre-test, then the intervention, then a post test. The cohort is then given another pre-test, then observed again without the intervention for the same length of time, then they are given another post test.
What is quasi experimental design with Removed Treatment Design?
This type of probability sampling chooses every 9th person that leaves the voting booth to enroll in the study.
What is systematic sampling?
Systematic differences between baseline characteristics of the groups that are compared as a result of non-random enrollment in the study.
What is selection bias?
The ethical principal of protection of individuals with reduced ability to choose voluntary participation.
What is respect for persons?
Incorrectly rejecting the alternate hypothesis and wrongly accepting the null hypothesis is this type of error.
What is a type 2 error?
These are important threats to internal validity in a Quasi experimental design with One group pretest and post-test.
What are maturation and History?
An unequal probability sampling technique, in which the probability of selection for each sampling unit in the population is proportional to an auxiliary variable (size measure for each sampling group).
What is Sampling with Probability Proportionate to Size?
This variable lies in the causal pathway between the main independent variable of interest and the dependent variable, it helps to explain the causal pathway.
What is a mediating variable?
This woman opened the first birth control clinic in the United States.
Who is Margaret Sanger?
The most common alpha level chosen in research.
What is 0.05?
A dependent variable that is predicted not to change because of treatment, but is expected to respond to some or all of the contextually important internal validity threats in the same way as the target outcome.
What is a Nonequivalent Dependent Variable?
When people justify increased investment in a decision based on cumulative prior investment.
What is Escalation of Commitment (Cognitive Heuristics)?
The simultaneous effect of two or more independent variables on at least one dependent variable in which their joint effect is significantly greater (or significantly less) than the sum of the parts.
What is an interaction effect?
The ethical principle of equitable distribution of research risks and benefits.
What is Justice?
p = (P1 + P2) / 2