Superficial Heat
Name 3 indications for using superficial heat?
promotes soft tissue healing, decreases pain, promotes general relaxation, decrease joint stiffness, could help with skin conditions
What are the symptoms of frostbite?
tingling and redness -hypermedia
numbness and pallor
What are the 3 physical properties of water that are important clinically for hydrotherapy?
buoyancy, resistance, and hydrostatic pressure
Do tissues with a high absorption coefficient have a high collagen content or high water content?
high collagen content
Name the types of applicators for diathermy (in US)?
inductive coils, drums, and garments
capacitive plates
What is essential to include for documentation for a superficial heating agent?
-type of heating agent
-treatment parameters
-patient positioning
-response to intervention
What are the 4 goals of cryotherapy?
reduce inflammation/ decrease hypoxia tissue damage
reduce edema
decrease pain
decrease muscle spasms
what are the indications for hydrotherapy?
superficial heating or cooling, wound control, pain control, edema control, and water exercises
How is phonophoresis different than regular US?
use of a topical drug preparation as an US conduction medium compared to gel
In what situation would there be a contraindication for the therapist applying diathermy?
If the therapist is pregnant
Which of the following is NOT a precaution for superficial heat?
Acute injury/ inflammation
demyelinated nerves
epiphyseal plates
cardiac insufficiency
epiphyseal plates
What is the optimum amount of time to apply ice in order to decrease muscle spasms? How long should this affect last?
Apply for 30 minutes
Should last 60-90 minutes
What are the contraindications for local immersion hydrotherapy?
bleeding and maceration around the wound
What are the therapeutic effects of non-thermal US?
due to cavitation and micro streaming can cause:
-increased protein synthesis and tissue repair
-increased blood flow
-bone healing and repair of non-union fractures
Name 3 advantages to diathermy over ultrasound
-heats surfaces 25x larger
-heat is applied uniformly
-rate of tissue cooling is significantly slower (for both muscles and tendons/ligaments)
-clinician does not have to be in contact with patient
Name the 4 effects of superficial heat
vasodilation
neuromuscular effects (decrease pain, decrease muscle spasm, increase pain threshold, changes in muscle strength)
increase cellular metabolism
increase tissue extensibility
Describe the sequence of the sensation of cryotherapy and how long does this process take?
1. intense cold
2. burning
3. aching
4. analgesia
5. numbness
takes anywhere from 5-15 minutes
Which of the following temperature ranges for a whirlpool is a medium for exercise?
32-79
79-92
96-98
99-104
79-92 (tepid warm)
How would you use ultrasound for a chronic injury, to a deep structures (frequency, intensity, duty cycle, and time)?
Frequency: 1 MHz
Intensity: 1.5-2 W/cm2
Duty Cycle: 100%
Time: 5-10 minutes
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for diathermy?
-Malignancy
-Thrombophlebitis
-Metal Implants
-Obesity
Obesity (it is a precaution)
Name the 7 contraindications for superficial heat?
hemorrhage, thrombophleitis, impaired sensation, impaired mentation, malignancy, IR radiation to the eyes, and heat applied to lower back, abdominals, or pelvis of pregnant women
What are the precautions for cryotherapy?
over superficial branches of main nerves, HTN, if patient is very young or very old, poor sensation/ mentation, over open wound
Name the 3 precautions for full body hydrotherapy specifically in warm/hot water?
pregnancy, MS, poor thermal regulation
What are the 4 precautions to ultrasound?
pregnancy, epiphyseal plates, fractures, breast implants
Can you explain when it is most appropriate to use inductive coil vs. capacitative plates for diathermy?
inductive coils are used in areas with high electrical conductivity, so muscles and synovial fluid
Capacitative plates are used in areas strong electrical field and low magnetic field, in superficial regions with low areas of fat; ankles, shoulder, knee, hands