Variables
The variable that is manipulated in a study is called what
Independent Variable
Which scale categorizes data without a numerical value, like gender or blood type?
Nominal Scale
Which test compares the means of two unrelated groups?
Independent T-test
What is the term for the consistency of measurements over repeated trials?
Reliablity
What is the term for systematic deviation from the truth caused by uncontrolled influences?
Bias
The variable measured as an outcome in a study is called
Dependent Variable
Which scale ranks data but doesn’t guarantee equal intervals between ranks?
Ordinal Scale
Which non-parametric test is the equivalent of the independent t-test?
Mann-Whitney U Test
What type of validity ensures that a test measures what it is intended to measure?
Validity
What type of error occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected?
Type I Error
What type of variable can interfere with the relationship between the independent and dependent variables?
Extraneous Variables
Which scale allows addition and subtraction but lacks a true zero?
Interval Scale
What statistical test would you use to assess differences in means among three or more groups?
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
Which type of reliability measures consistency between two or more raters?
Inter-rater reliability
What is the ability of a measure to detect clinically meaningful changes?
Responsiveness
In a study comparing the effects of exercise and manual therapy on pain reduction, identify the independent variable.
The type of treatment (exercise or manual therapy)
Which measurement scale allows for all mathematical operations, including division, and includes a true zero?
Ratio Scale
In a repeated measures design, which parametric test would you use to assess changes over time within the same group?
Repeated measures ANOVA
Which type of validity ensures that a test captures all aspects of the concept being measured?
Content Validity
What does the coefficient of determination (R²) indicate in regression analysis?
The proportion of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable
How do researchers control extraneous variables to strengthen internal validity?
Through statistical adjustments or controlling conditions in the study design
Which scale would you use to measure the strength of a patient using precise numerical values like kilograms?
What is the primary purpose of the Bonferroni adjustment in statistical analysis?
Reduce the risk of Type I error in multiple comparisons
Which type of validity compares a new test with an established gold standard?
In a study with multiple independent variables, which statistical test would you use to analyze their interaction effects?
Two-way ANOVA