society
groups of people organized by rank
What is a hierarchy
one who is an unbeliever in respect to Christianity
What is an infidel?
invented in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg and allowed for several thousand copies of
pages to be made per day
What is the printing press?
an attitude concerning human beings and their values, capacities, and achievements
What is Humanism?
the group of people who have been ordained for religious service
Clergy
formal, public ceremony of feudal allegiance; highest level of loyalty
What is homage?
finished translating the Bible from Latin to English in the late 1300's
Who is John Wycliffe?
a certificate sold by the pope that was said to reduce/cancel punishment for sins
What is an indulgence?
art that aims to visually represent people and objects as they exist
What is realism?
a place in which a community of religious people lives
What is a monastery?
the code of conduct a feudal knight followed
Chivalry
Duke of Normandy who conquered England after the Battle of Hastings in
1066 and brought the feudal system to England
Who is William the Conqueror
the era in which careful observations of the natural world were made and
accepted beliefs were questioned
What is the Scientific Revolution?
the revival of attention to art, literature, and learning; originated in Italy during the 14th century
What is the Renaissance?
a separation or division into fractions; especially within a church
What is a schism?
the potential that an individual has to move between ranks of a hierarchy
What is social mobility?
German Priest; author of the 95 theses in 1517 debating his disagreement of certain church practices
a highly infectious, usually fatal, epidemic disease that struck Europe in 1346; signified
the end of the Middle Ages
What is Black Death?
putting the common good of others above/ before one's own selfish interests
What is Civic virtue?
the act that deprives someone of membership in a church
What is excommunication?
the movement in the 1500's that separated the Protestant Churches from the Roman Catholic church
What is the Reformation?
convinced British Parliament to establish the Church of England in 1533
Who is Henry VIII?
a person with controversial opinions who publically disagrees with the accepted beliefs
What is a heretic?
the belief that the right to rule a monarchy comes directly from God
What is Divine Right?
several military expeditions taken by European Christians to win the Holy Lands from the
11th to 13th centuries
What are the Crusades?