EKG

A & P

100

Primary Pacemakers in the heart

SA node

AV node

200

These are primary cardiac electrolytes / ions inside and outside of cardiac cells used to develop electricity. 

Sodium Na+

Potassium K+

Calcium Ca++

300

This is defined as the movement of sodium ions across the cell membrane, changing the electrical potential of the cell to positive, leading to cardiac contraction. 

Depolarization. Conduction cycle phase "0"

400

This is defined as the movement of ions until the cardiac cell is more NEGATIVE, and at its resting negative potential (Ready for another cardiac contraction)

Repolarization

500

The cardiac conduction system is comprised of these five areas. 

SA Node, AV Node, Bundle of HIS, Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers. 

600

This phase of the heartbeat is when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.

Systole

EKG parts

100

Movement towards an EKG lead causes this to happen on the EKG paper. 

Positive deflection. 

200

This portion of the EKG represents atrial depolarization.  

P Wave

300

This portion of the EKG represents electrical conduction through the AV Junction. 

PR Interval

400

This portion of the EKG represents ventricular depolarization.  

QRS Complex

500

This EKG portion is the time BETWEEN ventricular depolarization and repolarization. 

ST Segment

600

This portion of the EKG represents ventricular repolarization

T Wave

700

This portion of the EKG is the total time for ventricular Depolarization AND repolarization

QT interval

EKG Leads

100

The standard limb leads (I,II,III) Look at what?

Lead I: Left high lateral wall

Lead II: Inferior wall

Lead III: Inferior wall

200

The augmented limb leads (aVR, aVL, aVF), look at what?

aVR: Right high lateral wall

aVL: Left high lateral wall

aVF: Inferior wall

300

The precordial leads (V1-V6) look at what?

V1-V2: Septum

V3-V4: Anterior wall

V5-V6: Lateral wall

400

These EKG leads look at the right side of the heart

V1, V2, V3

aVR Right high lateral 

(Not a view of the right ventrical. 

500

These ekg leads look at the inferior side of the heart

II

 III

aVF

600

These leads look at the left side of the heart. 

V5

V6

I 

aVL

700

These leads look at the posterior of the heart

Opposite of V1-V2

ACS

100

This is the junction between the termination of the ARS complex and the beginning of the ST segment. 

J-Point.

200

We evaluate the J-point and ST segment for these things. 

Elevation (MI)

Depression (Ischemia)

Notching and J-waves (BER and Hypothermia). 

300

Infarction / Ischemia causes depolarization and repolarization changes in the dead/dying tissues, causing WHAT 3 EKG changes?

ST segment changes

T Wave changes

Pathologic Q waves

400

When measuring for ST segment elevation / depression, "what" do we base our measurement off of?

T-P Segment. 

Time between the end of the T wave and prior to the P wave. 

500

if "this" shape is present in ST elevation, it is more likely that the patient is truly having an MI. 

Convex shape. 

600

These types of T-waves are broad and asymmetrically large.

And indicative of early MI, prior to ST elevation & Q waves

Hyperacute T waves

700

ST Elevation MI Evolution. 

EKG Findings for answer

1. Before Injury

2. Ischemia

3. Infarction

4. Fibrosis

1. Normal EKG / Baseline

2. ST Depression, Hyperacute T waves, T wave inversions

3. ST elevation, Q waves appear

4. ST segment returnes to baseline, Q Waves persist.

CHF

100

Heart failure results from ANY disorder that causes. 

1.____________

AND / OR

2.____________

1. Reduces myocardial contractility (Can't pump)(Systolic dysfunciton) 

Normal EF = 55-70%

Systole = Emptying

Diastole = Filling

2. Reduces ventricular filling (Diastolic dysfunction) (Can't Fill)

200

This definition is the mechanical function of the heart. 

The amount of blood pumped out during systole. 

Stroke Volume. 

Must have normal heart structure and adequate filling of the cardiac chambers. 

300

This is the pressure that the ventricles must contract against to eject blood. 

This is the amount of blood stretching the myocardial cells just prior to contraction

Afterload

Preload

400

Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)(force that the body's vasculature exerts on circulating blood) CAUSES hypertention. 

What ventricle is effected by Hypertension?

What happens to afterload with increased SVR?

Left ventricle is affected. 

Afterload is Increased. 

500

increased "Pulmonary vascular resistance" (Left ventricular failure, Chronic hypoxia, PE). 

What ventricle is affected?

What happens to afterload?

Right ventricle 

Increased afterload. 

600

Increased afterload causes heart muscle to?

Causing?

Work harder to overcome the constricted vasculature. 

Become hypertrophied or Dilated. 

Hypertrohied = Threw a bunch of springs on top of a trampoline and it didn't increase the bounciness. 

Dilated = The springs are all stretched out and aren't as bouncy anymore.