Signs and symptoms
the following signs and symptoms correlate with what electrolyte imbalance
-dry mucous membrane, skin tenting (poor skin turgor, low urine output, postural changes, increased HR, decreased SBP, cold extremities,low capillary refill, low cognitive function, sunken eyes
Thirst mechanism will correct this type of imbalance
what is hypovolemic hypernatremia
Tumors, CNS disorders, pulmonary disease
what are disease induced SIADH
diuretics (loop and thiazide)
Insulin
decongestants
what are drugs that induce hypokalemia
the first sign is swelling in the feet, ankles and lower legs. weight gain, increased jugular pressure, positive jugular venous pressure, pulmonary edema (increased SOB, crackles on auscultation
what is edema
maintain 6-8 250ml glasses of water
if mild use WHO-ORS, sport drinks
if severe- IV infusion, normal saline
what is the treatment for dehydration
The cause of euvolemic hypernatremia
What is diabetes insipidus
the drug you stop in acute illness settings
SADMANS
- sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, exposure to high temperatures
what is hypovolemic hypernatremia
The treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia
-correct underlying cause such as stopping SIADH
- fluid restriction 1000-1200ml/day
-vasopressin receptor antagonist
The ACTH (high) and Cortisol (low)
what is Addison's disease
ACEi, ARBs, MRAs, NSAIDs, digoxin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
what are drugs that causes hyperkalemia
the presence of heart palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias, widening of the QRS complex, tetany, trousseau sign
what is hypomagnesemia
the following can be used to treat it
- IV calcium
- Furosemide
-Insulin
-Sodium Bicarbonate
-Sodium polystyrene sulfonate
- Hemodialysis
what is the treatment of severe hyperkalemia
The ACTH (high) and cortisol (high)
The presence of macrocytic normochromic anemia
What is high MCV, and normal MCHC, and low Vitamin b12
the patient is experiencing ECG changes, arrhythmias, tachycardia, screaming, impaired muscle contraction
What is severe hypokalemia?
- treat underlying causes such as heart failure
- sodium restriction - 1000-2000mg/day
- diuretics
What is the treatment for edema
the causes of hypomagnesemia
what is GI: chronic PPI use, celiac disease, excessive vomiting
What is Renal: drug-induced aminoglycosides, glomerulonephritis
the increase OF ALP and a concurrent rise in GGT
what is the test for abnormal flow of bile