Sodium
What is sodium's normal value?
140-145 mEq/L
What is potassium's normal value?
3.5-5.5 mEq/L
What is ionized calcium's normal value?
1.1-1.3 mmoL/L
What is chloride's normal value?
107-113 mEq/L
What is phosphate's normal value?
3-6 mg/dL
What are causes and clinical signs of hyponatremia?
Causes: CHF, renal failure, body cavity effusions
CS: head pressing, obtundation, seizures
What are causes and clinical signs of hyperkalemia?
Causes: diabetes mellitus, renal failure, U.O.
CS: bradycardia, ECG changes, muscle weakness
What are causes and clinical signs of hypocalcemia?
Causes: hypoalbuminemia, renal failure, eclampsia,
CS: facial rubbing, paw chewing, V/D, anorexia
What are causes of hypo/hyperchloremia?
Hyper Causes: Renal dz, DKA
Hypo Causes: GI losses (V/D), fluid admin
CS: NONE
What are causes and clinical signs of hyperphosphatemia?
Causes: U.O., uroabdomen, CRF
CS: seizures, tetany, arrythmias, anorexia
What are causes and clinical signs to hypernatremia?
Causes: water loss (V, D), renal failure
CS: disorientation, head pressing, ataxia, seizures
What are causes and clinical signs to hypokalemia?
Causes: insulin admin., decreased dietary intake, refeeding syndrome
CS: muscle weakness, stiff gait, PU/PD
What are causes and clinical signs of hypercalcemia?
Causes: neoplasia, vit. D toxicosis, raisin/grape toxicity, AKI
CS: lethargy, PU/PD, anorexia, weakness, nausea
What is chloride's function?
What is magnesium's function?
Chloride: maintaining acid-base balance
Magnesium: ATP production
What are causes and clinical signs of hypophosphatemia?
Causes: increased urinary excretion, alkalemia, refeeding syndrome
CS: weakness, anorexia, ileus, nausea, seizures
What is sodium's function?
It is an extracellular cation, it maintains fluid balance
What is potassium's function?
IC cation, important for skeletal muscle cells
What is calcium's function?
Skeletal bone support, coagulation, secretion of hormones, muscle contraction
What are causes and clinical signs of hypomagnesemia?
Causes: malnutrition/malabsorption, diabetes mellitus, shock
CS: tremors, seizures, ataxia, A-Fib, V-Fib, SVT
What is phosphate's function?
ATP, metabolic processes
How do you treat hyper/hyponatremia
Hyper: D5W +/- isotonic fluids
Hypo: 0.9% CRI, diuretic therapy
How do you treat hypo/hyperkalemia?
Hyper: Combo of insulin and dextrose, sodium bicarb
Hypo: KCl
Hyper: Monitor UO, calcium channel blockers
Hypo: NONE if ionized is normal, otherwise, calcium gluconate
How do you treat hypomagnesemia?
How do you treat hyper/hypophosphatemia?
Hyper: correction of azotemia w/ renal dz, IVF
Hypo: treat underlying cause