Electrolytes

Bicarbonate

100

What is the chemical symbol for the bicarbonate ion?

HCO₃-

200

Is bicarbonate abundant in extracellular or intracellular fluid?

Extracellular fluid

300

Is bicarbonate a cation or an anion?

Anion

400

What is the reference range for bicarbonate?

23 - 29 mmol/L

Calcium

100

What is the chemical symbol for calcium ion?

Ca²+

200

What percentage of calcium in the body is bone and teeth?

99%

300

Name the 2 disorders of calcium homeostasis.

Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia

400

What 3 hormones are responsible for regulation of calcium concentration?

Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin

Magnesium

100

Is magnesium a cation or an anion?

Cation

200

Calcium is an essential _____ of more than 300 enzymes.

cofactor

300

What percentage of magnesium is found in muscle, other organs, and soft tissue?

46%

400

What method is used to measure magnesium?

Colorimetric

Phosphate

100

What is the chemical symbol for phosphate?

PO₄-

200

Is phosphate mostly extracellular or intracellular?

intracellular

300

Name the 2 phosphate disorders.

hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia

400

What method is used to measure phosphate?

Spectrophotometry

Lactate

100

How is lactate transported to the lab to reduce glycolysis?

On ice

200

What is lactate measurement used to assess?

Tissue hypoxia

300

As oxygen levels decrease, lactate decreases or increases?

Increases

400

What method is used to measure lactate?

Enzymatic