Calcium
Calcium and ___________ work together to cause the heart muscle to contract and work on an opposite charge as _________ and __________.
What is sodium, potassium, and magnesium (either order)?
Magnesium is the __________ most-abundant _________ cation in the body.
What is second and intracellular?
Repolarization is synonymous with _______ and _______.
What is resting and recovery?
The cell is at rest in the ________ state which is called __________.
What is polarized and phase 4?
In the ___________, the cells cannot accept stimuli, but as the __________ cycle completes toward the end of Phase 3, which is called late repolarization, a relative refractory period can accept a _________ cell stimulus prematurely if the ________ is stronger than normal.
What is absolute refractory period, repolarization, cardiac, and stimulus?
Calcium generates _______ and mediates ________
What are impulses and the heart's pacemaker function?
Of the 4 minerals, magnesium is more likely to be ________.
What is extremely low?
Polarization is the ________ of three electrical changes and is synonymous with ________.
What is first and resting?
In phase ___, the cell becomes ________ when sodium rushes into the cell through __________.
What is 0, excited, and open channels?
In a normal cardiac cell, time is measured from ____ to _____ milliseconds (ms)
What is 0 to 300?
Calcium is the most common metal found in _______ and is essential in ________
What is animals and cell physiology?
Because magnesium regulates the flow of electrolytes, it is essential for ________.
What is maintenance of the intracellular potassium concentration?
In the resting state of cardiac cells, electrolytes intracellular charge is ________ and the extracellular chrage is _________.
What is negative and positive?
In phase 1, ________ closes while ______ enters the cell and _______ moves out of the cell.
What is the sodium channel, calcium, and potassium?
HINT: One of the four phases.
Calcium continues to enter, potassium channel continues to move out of cell, sodium channel opens at the end.
What is phase 2?
The etiology of hypercalcemia
What is an overactive parathyroid gland, kidney disease, and genetic disorder called familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia?
Magnesium helps ________ relax and has been associated with the regulation of ________ and reducing the risk of ______.
What is muscles, BP, and diabetes?
Depolarization is the _________ electrical change of cardiac cells and causes _________. The intracellular charge is changing to ________ as the _______ electrolytes rapidly move _________ the cell.
What is the second, mechanical myocardial contraction, positive, sodium, into?
In phase 2, which is called the ________ phase, _______ and ________ continue movement through the cell membrane and the _______ reopens.
What is plateau, calcium, potassium, and sodium channel?
HINT: One of the phases.
Potassium rushes into a cell membrane, sodium exits cell membrane, helped by sodium potassium pump.
What is phase 4?
The result of hypercalcemia.
What is arrhythmia, kidney failure, and malabsorption of minerals like magnesium?
_______ happen as a result of hypomagnesemia
What is cardiac muscle irritability and irregular ventricular heart rhythm in people with recent MIs?
Repolarization is the _______ and _______ electrical change of the myocardial cell. The heart uses a mechanism called the _________ to help move electrolytes to their ________.
What is third, longest, sodium-potassium pump, original polarity?
During the __________ phases, the cells cannot receive ________ as they begin to relax. This period of time is called the ________ period.
What is repolarization, stimuli, and refractory?
HINT: One of the four phases.
Sodium rushes into a cell membrane, calcium channels open, potassium channel closed.
What is phase 0?